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Tuneable Film Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonators
by Spartak Sh Gevorgian Andrei K Vorobiev Alexander K TagantsevTo handle many standards and ever increasing bandwidth requirements, large number of filters and switches are used in transceivers of modern wireless communications systems. It makes the cost, performance, form factor, and power consumption of these systems, including cellular phones, critical issues. At present, the fixed frequency filter banks based on Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators (FBAR) are regarded as one of the most promising technologies to address performance -form factor-cost issues. Even though the FBARs improve the overall performances the complexity of these systems remains high. Attempts are being made to exclude some of the filters by bringing the digital signal processing (including channel selection) as close to the antennas as possible. However handling the increased interference levels is unrealistic for low-cost battery operated radios. Replacing fixed frequency filter banks by one tuneable filter is the most desired and widely considered scenario. As an example, development of the software based cognitive radios is largely hindered by the lack of adequate agile components, first of all tuneable filters. In this sense the electrically switchable and tuneable FBARs are the most promising components to address the complex cost-performance issues in agile microwave transceivers, smart wireless sensor networks etc. Tuneable Film Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonators discusses FBAR need, physics, designs, modelling, fabrication and applications. Tuning of the resonant frequency of the FBARs is considered. Switchable and tuneable FBARs based on electric field induced piezoelectric effect in paraelectric phase ferroelectrics are covered. The resonance of these resonators may be electrically switched on and off and tuned without hysteresis. The book is aimed at microwave and sensor specialists in the industry and graduate students. Readers will learn about principles of operation and possibilities of the switchable and tuneable FBARs, and will be given general guidelines for designing, fabrication and applications of these devices.
Tuning Autophagy-Inducing Activity and Toxicity for Lanthanide Nanocrystals (Springer Theses)
by Yunjiao ZhangThis thesis presents a simple, yet highly effective surface engineering solution that uses non-covalent binding peptides to control the autophagy-inducing activity of nanomaterials and nanodevices. The author presents RE-1, a short synthetic peptide that sequence-specifically binds to lanthanide (LN) oxide and upconversion nanocrystals with high affinity, which was discovered using an innovative phage display approach. RE-1 effectively inhibits the autophagy-inducing activity and toxicity of these nanocrystals by forming a stable coating layer on the surface of the nanoparticles, and by reducing their sedimentation and cell interaction. RE- 1 and its variants provide a versatile tool for tuning cell interactions in order to achieve the desired level of autophagic response and are useful for the various diagnostic and therapeutic applications of LN-based nanomaterials and nanodevices.
Tunnel Boring Machines: Proceedings of the international lecture series, Hagenberg Castle, Linz, 14-15 December 1995
by Harald Wagner and Alfred SchulterIn the past ten years there was a worldwide trend towards increased use of Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM's). This trend covers a broad variety of applications ranging both from small diameters for sewers and other utilities to large diameters for double track railway and even three-lane highway tunnels. The response to this has been the development of both hard rock machines in the direction for application in soft ground, and soft ground TBM's to be used in soft rock. Parallel to the technical development of TBM's towards applications for longer tunnels, running through changing geological conditions, there are needs for the development of lining methods. 'TBM Tunnel Trends' an international lecture serie collection, aims to present the latest scientific and practical state of the art of TBM tunnelling, taking into consideration interactions between machinery and lining. 26 international highly recognized papers.
Tunnel Design Methods
by Antonio Bobet Herbert H. EinsteinTunnel Design Methods covers analytical, numerical, and empirical methods for the design of tunnels in soil and in rock. The material is intended for design engineers looking for detailed methods, for graduate students who are interested in tunnelling, and for researchers working on various aspects of ground-support interaction under static and seismic loading. The book is divided into seven chapters, covering fundamental concepts on ground and support behavior and on ground-excavation-support interaction and provides detailed information on analytical and numerical methods used for the design of tunnels, with applications, and on the latest developments on empirical methods. The principles and formulations included are used, throughout the book, to provide insight into the response of tunnels under both simple and complex loading conditions, thus providing the reader with fundamental understanding of tunnel behavior. Both authors have experience in tunnelling and have worked extensively in practice, designing tunnels both in the United States and abroad, and in research.
Tunnel Field-effect Transistors (TFET): Modelling and Simulation
by Rajat Vishnoi Pratyush Pandey Jagadesh Kumar MamidalaResearch into Tunneling Field Effect Transistors (TFETs) has developed significantly in recent times, indicating their significance in low power integrated circuits. This book describes the qualitative and quantitative fundamental concepts of TFET functioning, the essential components of the problem of modelling the TFET, and outlines the most commonly used mathematical approaches for the same in a lucid language. Divided into eight chapters, the topics covered include: Quantum Mechanics, Basics of Tunneling, The Tunnel FET, Drain current modelling of Tunnel FET: The task and its challenges, Modeling the Surface Potential in TFETs, Modelling the Drain Current, and Device simulation using Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD). The information is well organized, describing different phenomena in the TFETs using simple and logical explanations. Key features: * Enables readers to understand the basic concepts of TFET functioning and modelling in order to read, understand, and critically analyse current research on the topic with ease. * Includes state-of-the-art work on TFETs, attempting to cover all the recent research articles published on the subject. * Discusses the basic physics behind tunneling, as well as the device physics of the TFETs. * Provides detailed discussion on device simulations along with device physics so as to enable researchers to carry forward their study on TFETs. Primarily targeted at new and practicing researchers and post graduate students, the book would particularly be useful for researchers who are working in the area of compact and analytical modelling of semiconductor devices.
Tunnel Fire Dynamics
by Haukur Ingason Ying Zhen Li Anders LönnermarkThis book covers a wide range of issues in fire safety engineering in tunnels, describes the phenomena related to tunnel fire dynamics, presents state-of-the-art research, and gives detailed solutions to these major issues. Examples for calculations are provided. The aim is to significantly improve the understanding of fire safety engineering in tunnels. Chapters on fuel and ventilation control, combustion products, gas temperatures, heat fluxes, smoke stratification, visibility, tenability, design fire curves, heat release, fire suppression and detection, CFD modeling, and scaling techniques all equip readers to create their own fire safety plans for tunnels. This book should be purchased by any engineer or public official with responsibility for tunnels. It would also be of interest to many fire protection engineers as an application of evolving technical principles of fire safety.
Tunnel Fire Dynamics
by Haukur Ingason Ying Zhen Li Anders LönnermarkThis updated, second edition unveils the mystery of the tunnel fires, covering most of the issues in fire safety engineering in tunnels, clearly describes the phenomena related to tunnel fire safety, presents state-of-the-art research, and gives detailed solutions to these major issues. The book retains its chapters on fuel and ventilation control, combustion products, gas temperatures, heat fluxes, smoke stratification, visibility, tenability, design fire curves, heat release, fire suppression and detection, CFD modelling, and scaling techniques allowing readers to create their own fire safety plans for tunnels. It gives detailed solutions to the major issues in fire safety engineering in tunnels and provides example calculations. A new chapter on Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) safety has been introduced as well as updated information related to AFVs in respective chapters.
Tunnel Fire Testing and Modeling
by Fabio Borghetti Marco Derudi Paolo Gandini Alessio Frassoldati Silvia TavelliThis book aims to cast light on all aspects of tunnel fires, based on experimental activities and theoretical and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses. In particular, the authors describe a transient full-scale fire test (~15 MW), explaining how they designed and performed the experimental activity inside the Morgex North tunnel in Italy. The entire organization of the experiment is described, from preliminary evaluations to the solutions found for management of operational difficulties and safety issues. This fire test allowed the collection of different measurements (temperature, air velocity, smoke composition, pollutant species) useful for validating and improving CFD codes and for testing the real behavior of the tunnel and its safety systems during a diesel oil fire with a significant heat release rate. Finally, the fire dynamics are compared with empirical correlations, CFD simulations, and literature measurements obtained in other similar tunnel fire tests. This book will be of interest to all engineers and public officials who are concerned with the nature, prevention, and management of tunnel fires.
Tunnelbau 2014: Kompendium der Tunnelbautechnologie Planungshilfe für den Tunnelbau
by Herausgegeben von der DGGT Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e.V.The Tunnelling Pocket Book has for many years provided practical advice for clients, consultants and contractors. It deals with current developments and problems, presents innovative solutions and thus documents the latest state of the technology.
Tunnelbau 2015: Kompendium der Tunnelbautechnologie Planungshilfe für den Tunnelbau (Taschenbuch Tunnelbau)
by K. LaackmannThe Tunnelling Pocket Book has for many years provided practical advice for clients, consultants and contractors. It deals with current developments and problems, presents innovative solutions and thus documents the latest state of the technology.
Tunnelbau 2016: Kompendium der Tunnelbautechnologie Planungshilfe für den Tunnelbau (Taschenbuch Tunnelbau)
by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e.V.Das Taschenbuch für den Tunnelbau ist seit vielen Jahren ein praxisorientierter Ratgeber für Auftraggeber, Planer und Bauausführende. Es greift aktuelle Entwicklungen und Problemstellungen auf, präsentiert innovative Lösungen und dokumentiert dabei den jeweils erreichten Stand der Technik. Die Beiträge in der Ausgabe 2016 behandeln die Themenbereiche Baugruben und Tunnel in offener Bauweise, Maschineller Tunnelbau, Baustoffe und Bauteile, Forschung und Entwicklung, Instandsetzung und nachrüstung, Vertragswesen und betriebswirtschaftliche Aspekte sowie interessante Praxisbeispiele. Ein Einkaufsführer zum Thema Tunnelbaubedarf rundet das Buch ab.
Tunneling Field Effect Transistor Technology
by Lining Zhang Mansun ChanThis book provides a single-source reference to the state-of-the art intunneling field effect transistors (TFETs). Readers will learn the TFETsphysics from advanced atomistic simulations, the TFETs fabrication process andthe important roles that TFETs will play in enabling integrated circuit designsfor power efficiency.
Tunneling Field Effect Transistors: Design, Modeling and Applications (Materials, Devices, and Circuits)
by Samuel, T.S. Arun Young Suh Song Shubham Tayal P. Vimala Shiromani Balmukund RahiThis book will give insight into emerging semiconductor devices from their applications in electronic circuits, which form the backbone of electronic equipment. It provides desired exposure to the ever-growing field of low-power electronic devices and their applications in nanoscale devices, memory design, and biosensing applications. Tunneling Field Effect Transistors: Design, Modeling and Applications brings researchers and engineers from various disciplines of the VLSI domain to together tackle the emerging challenges in the field of nanoelectronics and applications of advanced low-power devices. The book begins by discussing the challenges of conventional CMOS technology from the perspective of low-power applications, and it also reviews the basic science and developments of subthreshold swing technology and recent advancements in the field. The authors discuss the impact of semiconductor materials and architecture designs on TFET devices and the performance and usage of FET devices in various domains such as nanoelectronics, Memory Devices, and biosensing applications. They also cover a variety of FET devices, such as MOSFETs and TFETs, with various structures based on the tunneling transport phenomenon. The contents of the book have been designed and arranged in such a way that Electrical Engineering students, researchers in the field of nanodevices and device-circuit codesign, as well as industry professionals working in the domain of semiconductor devices, will find the material useful and easy to follow.
Tunnelling: Management by Design
by Alan Muir WoodTunnelling has become a fragmented process, excessively influenced by lawyers'notions of confrontational contractual bases. This prevents the pooling of skills, essential to the achievement of the promoters' objectives. Tunnelling: Management by Design seeks the reversal of this trend. After a brief historical treatment of selected developments, th
Tunnelling Asia 2000: Proceedings New Delhi 2000
by S.P. Kaushish and T. RamamurthyThe proceedings of the international conference Tunnelling Asia 2000. The papers cover such topics as rock mass classification, rock mass analysis, highway tunnels and underground storage, as well as metro tunnelling.
Tunnelling Asia '97
by C.V.J. Varma and A.R.G. RaoThis is a collection of conference papers which discuss construction methods in tunnelling. Subjects studied include; engineering classification and characterization of rock mass; planning, investigation and analysis of tunnels; shafts and inclined tunnels; and tunnelling equipment.
Tunnelling for a Better Life
by Jinxiu YanTunnelling for a Better Life contain the contributions presented at the ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress 2024, which was held from 19-25 April 2024 in Shenzhen, China. As urbanization accelerates, the pivotal role of tunnels and underground spaces in fostering environmental sustainability and improving quality of life becomes ever more pronounced. These underground structures serve as sustainable solutions to the challenges posed by rapid urban growth. By seamlessly integrating into urban landscapes, they alleviate congestion, reduce pollution, and enhance overall mobility, thus contributing to a greener and more sustainable urban environment. Moreover, tunnels and underground works provide vital support for various urban functions, such as accommodating economic activities, providing safe shelters during emergencies or disasters, and facilitating efficient utility management. They address immediate urban needs and lay the foundation for a better and more resilient future.By focusing on the latest trends in tunnelling and underground engineering, and looking ahead to the era of low-carbon and intelligent technology, the papers in this book illustrate the transformative potential of tunnels and underground works in shaping a better life for present and future generations. The contributions cover a comprehensive range of topics on tunnel engineering, showcasing the latest advancements, insights, and innovations across the following areas:1. Planning and General Aspects2. Design and Methodology3. Geotechnics, Geology and Geophysical Prospecting4. Ground Stability and Consolidation5. Support and Lining6. Conventional Tunnelling7. Mechanized Tunneling (TBM, shield)8. Immersed Tunnels9. Waterproofing and Drainage10. Instrumentation and Monitoring/ Testing and Inspection11. Digital and Information Technology12. Machine Learning13. Underground Caverns/Underground Space Use14. Operational Safety, Maintenance and Repair15. Contractual Practices and Risk ManagementTunnelling for a Better Life is a must-read for professionals, engineers, owners, and other stakeholders worldwide in tunnelling and underground engineering.
Tunnels
by Roderick Gordon Brian Williams14-year-old Will Burrows has little in common with his strange, dysfunctional family. In fact, the only bond he shares with his eccentric father is a passion for archaeological excavation. So when Dad mysteriously vanishes, Will is compelled to dig up the truth behind his disappearance. He unearths the unbelievable: a secret subterranean society. "The Colony" has existed unchanged for a century, but it's no benign time capsule of a bygone era--because the Colony is ruled by a cultlike overclass, the Styx. Before long--before he can find his father--Will is their prisoner....
Tunnels and Underground Cities. Engineering and Innovation Meet Archaeology, Architecture and Art: Proceedings of the WTC 2019 ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress (WTC 2019), May 3-9, 2019, Naples, Italy (Proceedings in Earth and Geosciences)
by Daniele Peila Giulia Viggiani Tarcisio CelestinoTunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation meet Archaeology, Architecture and Art contains the contributions presented at the World Tunnel Congress 2019 (Naples, Italy, 3-9 May 2019). The use of underground space is continuing to grow, due to global urbanization, public demand for efficient transportation, and energy saving, production and distribution. The growing need for space at ground level, along with its continuous value increase and the challenges of energy saving and achieving sustainable development objectives, demand greater and better use of the underground space to ensure that it supports sustainable, resilient and more liveable cities. This vision was the source of inspiration for the design of the logos of both the International (ITA) and Italian (SIG) Tunnelling Association. By placing key infrastructures underground – the black circle in the logos – it will be possible to preserve and enhance the quality of the space at ground level – the green line. In order to consider and value underground space usage together with human and social needs, engineers, architects, and artists will have to learn to collaborate and develop an interdisciplinary design approach that addresses functionality, safety, aesthetics and quality of life, and adaptability to future and varied functions. The 700 contributions cover a wide range of topics, from more traditional subjects connected to technical challenges of design and construction of underground works, with emphasis on innovation in tunneling engineering, to less conventional and archetypically Italian themes such as archaeology, architecture, and art. The book has the following main themes: Archaeology, Architecture and Art in underground construction; Environment sustainability in underground construction; Geological and geotechnical knowledge and requirements for project implementation; Ground improvement in underground constructions; Innovation in underground engineering, materials and equipment; Long and deep tunnels; Public communication and awareness; Risk management, contracts and financial aspects; Safety in underground construction; Strategic use of underground space for resilient cities; Urban tunnels. Tunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation meet Archaeology, Architecture and Art is a valuable reference text for tunneling specialists, owners, engineers, architects and others involved in underground planning, design and building around the world, and for academics who are interested in underground constructions and geotechnics.
Tunnels and Underground Structures: Proceedings Tunnels & Underground Structures, Singapore 2000
by Jian Zhao, J.Nicholas Shirlaw & Rajan KrishnanThis text describes topics discussed at the conference, including: tunnelling and construction in soft ground and rocks; geological investigations; tunnelling machines; planning for underground infrastructure; safety issues and environmental and social aspects of underground development.
Turbine Blade Investment Casting Die Technology
by Dinghua Zhang Yunyong Cheng Ruisong Jiang Neng WanFocusing on the theory and techniques of digital design and manufacturing for turbine blade investment casting, this book systematically summarizes the advances in applications in this field. It describes advanced digital design theory and methods and provides practical technical references for investment casting die design and manufacturing. The theories, methods and cases presented here are largely derived from the author's practical engineering experience and the research he and his team have carried out since the 1990s. It includes academic papers, technical reports and patent literature, and provides a valuable guide to engineers involved in the die-design process. Given its comprehensive coverage, the book makes a significant contribution to investment-casting die design and aero-engine blade manufacturing, while at the same time promoting the development of aero-engine manufacturing technologies
Turbo Coding, Turbo Equalisation and Space-Time Coding
by Soon Xin Ng R. Y. Tee T. H. Liew Lajos L. Hanzo B. L. YeapCovering the full range of channel codes from the most conventional through to the most advanced, the second edition of Turbo Coding, Turbo Equalisation and Space-Time Coding is a self-contained reference on channel coding for wireless channels. The book commences with a historical perspective on the topic, which leads to two basic component codes, convolutional and block codes. It then moves on to turbo codes which exploit iterative decoding by using algorithms, such as the Maximum-A-Posteriori (MAP), Log-MAP and Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm (SOVA), comparing their performance. It also compares Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM), Turbo Trellis Coded Modulation (TTCM), Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM) and Iterative BICM (BICM-ID) under various channel conditions.The horizon of the content is then extended to incorporate topics which have found their way into diverse standard systems. These include space-time block and trellis codes, as well as other Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) schemes and near-instantaneously Adaptive Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (AQAM). The book also elaborates on turbo equalisation by providing a detailed portrayal of recent advances in partial response modulation schemes using diverse channel codes.A radically new aspect for this second edition is the discussion of multi-level coding and sphere-packing schemes, Extrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) charts, as well as an introduction to the family of Generalized Low Density Parity Check codes.This new edition includes recent advances in near-capacity turbo-transceivers as well as new sections on multi-level coding schemes and of Generalized Low Density Parity Check codesComparatively studies diverse channel coded and turbo detected systems to give all-inclusive information for researchers, engineers and students Details EXIT-chart based irregular transceiver designs Uses rich performance comparisons as well as diverse near-capacity design examples
Turbo Message Passing Algorithms for Structured Signal Recovery (SpringerBriefs in Computer Science)
by Xiaojun Yuan Zhipeng XueThis book takes a comprehensive study on turbo message passing algorithms for structured signal recovery, where the considered structured signals include 1) a sparse vector/matrix (which corresponds to the compressed sensing (CS) problem), 2) a low-rank matrix (which corresponds to the affine rank minimization (ARM) problem), 3) a mixture of a sparse matrix and a low-rank matrix (which corresponds to the robust principal component analysis (RPCA) problem). The book is divided into three parts. First, the authors introduce a turbo message passing algorithm termed denoising-based Turbo-CS (D-Turbo-CS). Second, the authors introduce a turbo message passing (TMP) algorithm for solving the ARM problem. Third, the authors introduce a TMP algorithm for solving the RPCA problem which aims to recover a low-rank matrix and a sparse matrix from their compressed mixture. With this book, we wish to spur new researches on applying message passing to various inference problems. Provides an in depth look into turbo message passing algorithms for structured signal recoveryIncludes efficient iterative algorithmic solutions for inference, optimization, and satisfaction problems through message passingShows applications in areas such as wireless communications and computer vision
Turbomachinery: Fundamentals, Selection and Preliminary Design (Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering)
by Marco Gambini Michela VelliniThis book presents a selection of preliminary sizing procedures for turbomachinery. Applicable to both conventional and non-conventional fluids, these procedures enable users to optimize the kinematics, thermodynamics and geometry of the turbomachinery (in the preliminary design phase) using geometric correlations and losses models; to accurately predict the efficiency of turbomachinery – in most cases, in excellent agreement with CFD calculations; and to consistently analyze all turbomachines (axial and radial turbines, axial and centrifugal compressors, centrifugal pumps). The book is intended for bachelor's and master's students in industrial, mechanical and energy engineering, as well as researchers and professionals in the energy systems and turbomachinery sectors, guiding them step by step through the first sizing of turbomachines and the verification of the technological feasibility of turbomachines designed for new conversion systems operating with unconventional fluids.
Turbomachinery: Concepts, Applications, and Design
by V. Dakshina MurtyTurbomachinery: Concepts, Applications, and Design is an introductory turbomachinery textbook aimed at seniors and first year graduate students, giving balanced treatment of both the concepts and design aspects of turbomachinery, based on sound analysis and a strong theoretical foundation. The text has three sections, Basic Concepts, Incompressible Fluid Machines; and Compressible Fluid Machines. Emphasis is on straightforward presentation of key concepts and applications, with numerous examples and problems that clearly link theory and practice over a wide range of engineering areas. Problem solutions and figure slides are available for instructors adopting the text for their classes.