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Spinal Cord Injury: Progress, Promise, and Priorities
by Institute of Medicine of the National AcademiesAn estimated 11,000 spinal cord injuries occur each year in the United States and more than 200,000 Americans suffer from maladies associated with spinal cord injury. This includes paralysis, bowel and bladder dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, respiratory impairment, temperature regulation problems, and chronic pain. During the last two decades, longstanding beliefs about the inability of the adult central nervous system to heal itself have been eroded by the flood of new information from research in the neurosciences and related fields. However, there are still no cures and the challenge of restoring function in the wake of spinal cord injuries remains extremely complex. Spinal Cord Injury examines the future directions for research with the goal to accelerate the development of cures for spinal cord injuries. While many of the recommendations are framed within the context of the specific needs articulated by the New York Spinal Cord Injury Research Board, the Institute of Medicine's panel of experts looked very broadly at research priorities relating to future directions for the field in general and make recommendations to strengthen and coordinate the existing infrastructure. Funders at federal and state agencies, academic organizations, pharmaceutical and device companies, and non-profit organizations will all find this book to be an essential resource as they examine their opportunities.
Spinel Nanoferrites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications (Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering)
by Surender K. SharmaThis book highlights the complexity of spinel nanoferrites, their synthesis, physio-chemical properties and prospective applications in the area of advanced electronics, microwave devices, biotechnology as well as biomedical sciences. It presents an overview of spinel nanoferrites: synthesis, properties and applications for a wide audience: from beginners and graduate-level students up to advanced specialists in both academic and industrial sectors. There are 15 chapters organized into four main sections. The first section of the book introduces the readers to spinel ferrites and their applications in advanced electronics industry including microwave devices, whereas the second section mainly focus on the synthesis strategy and their physio-chemical properties. The last sections of the book highlight the importance of this class of nanomaterials in the field of biotechnology and biomedical sector with a special chapter on water purification.
Spintronic Materials and Technology
by Y B Xu S M ThompsonFew books exist that cover the hot field of second-generation spintronic devices, despite their potential to revolutionize the IT industry.Compiling the obstacles and progress of spin-controlled devices into one source, Spintronic Materials and Technology presents an in-depth examination of the most recent technological spintronic developmen
Spintronics: A Primer
by Jean-Philippe AnsermetA sound understanding of magnetism, transport theory, spin relaxation mechanisms, and magnetization dynamics is necessary to engage in spintronics research. In this primer, special effort has been made to give straightforward explanations for these advanced concepts.This book will be a valuable resource for graduate students in spintronics and related fields. Concepts of magnetism such as exchange interaction, spin-orbit coupling, spin canting, and magnetic anisotropy are introduced. Spin-dependent transport is described using both thermodynamics and Boltzmann’s equation, including Berry curvature corrections. Spin relaxation phenomenology is accounted for with master equations for quantum spin systems coupled to a bath. Magnetic resonance principles are applied to describe spin waves in ferromagnets, cavity-mode coupling in antiferromagnets, and coherence phenomena relevant to spin qubits applications.Key Features:• A pedagogical approach to foundational concepts in spintronics with simple models that can be calculated to enhance understanding.• Nineteen chapters, each beginning with a historical perspective and ending with an outlook on current research.• 1200 references, ranging from landmark papers to frontline publications.
Spintronics: Fundamentals and Applications
by Puja Dey Jitendra Nath RoyThis book highlights the overview of Spintronics, including What is Spintronics ?; Why Do We Need Spintronics ?; Comparative merit-demerit of Spintronics and Electronics ; Research Efforts put on Spintronics ; Quantum Mechanics of Spin; Dynamics of magnetic moments : Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert Equation; Spin-Dependent Band Gap in Ferromagnetic Materials; Functionality of ‘Spin’ in Spintronics; Different Branches of Spintronics etc. Some important notions on basic elements of Spintronics are discussed here, such as – Spin Polarization, Spin Filter Effect, Spin Generation and Injection, Spin Accumulation, Different kinds of Spin Relaxation Phenomena, Spin Valve, Spin Extraction, Spin Hall Effect, Spin Seebeck Effect, Spin Current Measurement Mechanism, Magnetoresistance and its different kinds etc. Concept of Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR), different types of GMR, qualitative and quantitative explanation of GMR employing Resistor Network Theory are presented here. Tunnelling Magnetoresistance (TMR), Magnetic Junctions, Effect of various parameters on TMR, Measurement of spin relaxation length and time in the spacer layer are covered here. This book highlights the concept of Spin Transfer Torque (STT), STT in Ferromagnetic Layer Structures, STT driven Magnetization Dynamics, STT in Magnetic Multilayer Nanopillar etc. This book also sheds light on Magnetic Domain Wall (MDW) Motion, Ratchet Effect in MDW motion, MDW motion velocity measurements, Current-driven MDW motion, etc. The book deals with the emerging field of spintronics, i.e., Opto-spintronics. Special emphasis is given on ultrafast optical controlling of magnetic states of antiferromagnet, Spin-photon interaction, Faraday Effect, Inverse Faraday Effect and outline of different all-optical spintronic switching. One more promising branch i.e., Terahertz Spintronics is also covered. Principle of operation of spintronic terahertz emitter, choice of materials, terahertz writing of an antiferromagnetic magnetic memory device is discussed. Brief introduction of Semiconductor spintronics is presented that includes dilute magnetic semiconductor, feromagnetic semiconductor, spin polarized semiconductor devices, three terminal spintronic devices, Spin transistor, Spin-LED, and Spin-Laser. This book also emphasizes on several modern spintronics devices that includes GMR Read Head of Modern Hard Disk Drive, MRAM, Position Sensor, Biosensor, Magnetic Field sensor, Three Terminal Magnetic Memory Devices, Spin FET, Race Track Memory and Quantum Computing.
Spintronics
by Claudia Felser Gerhard H FecherSpintronics is an emerging technology exploiting the spin degree of freedom and has proved to be very promising for new types of fast electronic devices. Amongst the anticipated advantages of spintronics technologies, researchers have identified the non-volatile storage of data with high density and low energy consumption as particularly relevant. This monograph examines the concept of half-metallic compounds perspectives to obtain novel solutions and discusses several oxides such as perovskites, double perovskites and CrO2 as well as Heusler compounds. Such materials can be designed and made with high spin polarization and, especially in the case of Heusler compounds, many material-related problems present in current-day 3d metal systems, can be overcome. Spintronics: From Materials to Devices provides an insight into the current research on Heusler compounds and offers a general understanding of structure-property relationships, including the influence of disorder and correlations on the electronic structure and interfaces. Spintronics devices such as magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) and giant magnetoresistance (GMR) devices, with current perpendicular to the plane, in which Co2 based Heusler compounds are used as new electrode materials, are also introduced. From materials design by theoretical methods and the preparation and properties of the materials to the production of thin films and devices, this monograph represents a valuable guide to both novices and experts in the fields of Chemistry, Physics, and Materials Science.
Spintronics: Materials, Devices, and Applications (Wiley Series in Materials for Electronic & Optoelectronic Applications)
by Kaiyou Wang Meiyin Yang Jun LuoSpintronics Spintronics Materials, Devices and Applications Discover the latest advances in spintronic materials, devices, and applications In Spintronics: Materials, Devices and Applications, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a holistic introduction to spintronic effects within cutting-edge materials and applications. Containing the perfect balance of academic research and practical application, the book discusses the potential—and the key limitations and challenges—of spintronic devices. The latest title in the Wiley Series in Materials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications, Spintronics: Materials, Devices and Applications explores giant magneto-resistance (GMR) and tunneling magnetic resistance (TMR) materials, spin-transfer torque and spin-orbit torque materials, spin oscillators, and spin materials for use in artificial neural networks. Applications in multi-ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic materials are presented as well. This book also includes: A thorough introduction to recent research developments in the fields of spintronic materials, devices, and applications Comprehensive explorations of skymions, magnetic semiconductors, and antiferromagnetic materials Practical discussions of spin-transfer torque materials and devices for magnetic random-access memory In-depth examinations of giant magneto-resistance materials and devices for magnetic sensors Perfect for advanced students and researchers in materials science, physics, electronics, and computer science, Spintronics: Materials, Devices and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals working in the manufacture of optics, photonics, and nanometrology equipment.
Spintronics-Based Neuromorphic Computing (Springer Tracts in Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
by Debanjan BhowmikThe book discusses almost all aspects of spintronics-based neuromorphic computing, starting from a very basic level, and will be of interest to both spintronics and neuromorphic computing communities. The chapters also cover most simulation and experimental studies reported recently by researchers worldwide on this topic. The book includes an introductory chapter on nanomagnetism and spin physics and another on neural network algorithms (covering both the machine-learning and neuroscience aspects of these algorithms). These introductory chapters will help the readers build their background and truly appreciate the recent research results on spintronics-based neuromorphic computing, presented in the later chapters of the book. Various numerical simulation exercises are also provided in the book.
Spintronics for Next Generation Innovative Devices
by Safa Kasap Eiji Saitoh Katsuaki Sato Peter Capper Arthur WilloughbySpintronics (short for spin electronics, or spin transport electronics) exploits both the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices. Controlling the spin of electrons within a device can produce surprising and substantial changes in its properties. Drawing from many cutting edge fields, including physics, materials science, and electronics device technology, spintronics has provided the key concepts for many next generation information processing and transmitting technologies. This book discusses all aspects of spintronics from basic science to applications and covers: magnetic semiconductors topological insulators spin current science spin caloritronics ultrafast magnetization reversal magneto-resistance effects and devices spin transistors quantum information devices This book provides a comprehensive introduction to Spintronics for researchers and students in academia and industry.
Spintronics Handbook, Second Edition: Volume One: Metallic Spintronics
by Igor Žutić Evgeny TsymbalSpintronics Handbook, Second Edition offers an update on the single most comprehensive survey of the two intertwined fields of spintronics and magnetism, covering the diverse array of materials and structures, including silicon, organic semiconductors, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and engineered nanostructures. It focuses on seminal pioneering work, together with the latest in cutting-edge advances, notably extended discussion of two-dimensional materials beyond graphene, topological insulators, skyrmions, and molecular spintronics. The main sections cover physical phenomena, spin-dependent tunneling, control of spin and magnetism in semiconductors, and spin-based applications.
Spintronics Handbook, Second Edition: Volume Two: Semiconductor Spintronics
by Igor Žutić Evgeny TsymbalThe second edition offers an update on the single most comprehensive survey of the two intertwined fields of spintronics and magnetism, covering the diverse array of materials and structures, including silicon, organic semiconductors, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and engineered nanostructures. It focuses on seminal pioneering work, together with the latest in cutting-edge advances, notably extended discussion of two-dimensional materials beyond graphene, topological insulators, skyrmions, and molecular spintronics. The main sections cover physical phenomena, spin-dependent tunneling, control of spin and magnetism in semiconductors, and spin-based applications.
Spintronics Handbook, Second Edition: Volume Three: Nanoscale Spintronics and Applications
by Igor Žutić Evgeny TsymbalSpintronics Handbook, Second Edition offers an update on the single most comprehensive survey of the two intertwined fields of spintronics and magnetism, covering the diverse array of materials and structures, including silicon, organic semiconductors, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and engineered nanostructures. It focuses on seminal pioneering work, together with the latest in cutting-edge advances, notably extended discussion of two-dimensional materials beyond graphene, topological insulators, skyrmions, and molecular spintronics. The main sections cover physical phenomena, spin-dependent tunneling, control of spin and magnetism in semiconductors, and spin-based applications. Features: Presents the most comprehensive reference text for the overlapping fields of spintronics (spin transport) andmagnetism. Covers the full spectrum of materials and structures, from silicon and organic semiconductors to carbon nanotubes, graphene, and engineered nanostructures. Extends coverage of two-dimensional materials beyond graphene, including molybdenum disulfide and study of their spin relaxation mechanisms Includes new dedicated chapters on cutting-edge topics such as spin-orbit torques, topological insulators, half metals, complex oxide materials and skyrmions. Discusses important emerging areas of spintronics with superconductors, spin-wave spintronics, benchmarking of spintronics devices, and theory and experimental approaches to molecular spintronics. Evgeny Tsymbal's research is focused on computational materials science aiming at the understanding of fundamental properties of advanced ferromagnetic and ferroelectric nanostructures and materials relevant to nanoelectronics and spintronics. He is a George Holmes University Distinguished Professor at the Department of Physics and Astronomy of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), Director of the UNL’s Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC), and Director of the multi-institutional Center for NanoFerroic Devices (CNFD). Igor Žutić received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics at the University of Minnesota. His work spans a range of topics from high-temperature superconductors and ferromagnetism that can get stronger as the temperature is increased, to prediction of various spin-based devices. He is a recipient of 2006 National Science Foundation CAREER Award, 2005 National Research Council/American Society for Engineering Education Postdoctoral Research Award, and the National Research Council Fellowship (2003-2005). His research is supported by the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, the Department of Energy, and the Airforce Office of Scientific Research.
SPIONs as Nano-Theranostics Agents
by Atefeh Zarepour Ali Zarrabi Arezoo KhosraviThis Brief introduces SuperParamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs), the different synthesis approaches, their applications in the field of diagnostics and treatment and finally as theranostic agents in cancer.
The Spirit of Recovery: IT Perspectives, Experiences, and Applications during the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Aji Prasetya WibawaThe scope of this book focuses on how information technology may assist in achieving goals and in providing solutions to problems such as a pandemic. Research on the Internet and on technology has been done, and the findings have applications in various sectors that rely on interdisciplinary knowledge. This book explores and describes state-of-the-art research conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Topics covered include the IT viewpoint and the rules governing digital transformation throughout the pandemic. The Digital Revolution sped up by a decade during COVID-19, which impacted both the user experience and that of software developers. As a component of the digital transformation process, this book explores the experiences of both the user and developer when attempting to change and adapt while utilizing an information technology program. This book includes five topics: (1) multidisciplinary artificial intelligence, (2) Smart City and Internet of Things applications, (3) game technology and multimedia applications, (4) data science and business intelligence, and (5) IT hospitality and information systems. Each topic is covered in several book chapters with some application in several countries, especially developing countries. The chapters provide insight from contributors with different perspectives and several diverse fields who present new ideas and approaches to solving problems associated with the worldwide pandemic.
The Spirit of the Hive
by Robert E. Page Jr.How can 40,000 bees working in the dark, by instinct alone, construct a honey comb? Synthesizing decades of experiments, The Spirit of the Hive presents the genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying the division of labor in honey bee colonies and explains how it is an inevitable product of group living, evolving over millions of years.
Spiritual Artificial Intelligence: Towards a New Horizon (Signals and Communication Technology)
by Muskan GargThis unique book delves into the convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) principles—rooted in scientific knowledge and technological advancements—with the concept of spiritual wellness, exploring their significance in our increasingly automated and digitized world. The author offers a synthesis of two domains often perceived as distinct, appealing to both technologists and spiritual thinkers. Beginning with an exploration of the definitions and scope of "spiritual AI," the book encourages the quantification of spiritual wellness, illustrated through examples from current literature. It sheds light on the evolution of the spiritual quotient, presenting it as an integration of intelligence quotient (IQ) and emotional quotient (EQ), enhanced by dimensions of spirituality. The discussion spans various application domains and delves into the mind's entanglement-like phenomena, raising critical questions: Can a machine truly attain consciousness? How do spiritual wellness and quantum mechanics intertwine? The author invites readers to ask their own questions, contemplate the boundless possibilities of spiritual AI, and challenge existing paradigms.
Spirulina in Human Nutrition and Health
by M. E. Gershwin Amha BelayAstonishingly rich in nutrients, Spirulina is one of the most popular and well researched functional foods in the multi-billion dollar global food supplement market. This ancient species provides readily bioavailable protein along with carotenoids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals and has therapeutic applications in non-communicable di
A Spitfire Girl: One of the World's Greatest Female ATA Ferry Pilots Tells Her Story
by Mary Ellis Melody ForemanWe visualize dashing and daring young men as the epitome of the pilots of the Second World War, yet amongst that elite corps was one person who flew no less than 400 Spitfires and seventy-six different types of aircraft and that person was Mary Wilkins. Her story is one of the most remarkable and endearing of the war, as this young woman, serving as a ferry pilot with the Air Transport Auxiliary, transported aircraft for the RAF, including fast fighter planes and huge four-engine bombers. On one occasion Mary delivered a Wellington bomber to an airfield, and as she climbed out of the aircraft the RAF ground crew ran over to her and demanded to know where the pilot was! Mary said simply: "I am the pilot!" Unconvinced the men searched the aircraft before they realized a young woman had indeed flown the bomber all by herself. After the war she accepted a secondment to the RAF, being chosen as one of the first pilots, and one of only three women, to take the controls of the new Meteor fast jet. By 1950 the farmer's daughter from Oxfordshire with a natural instinct to fly became Europe's first female air commandant. In this authorized biography the woman who says she kept in the background during her ATA years and left all the glamour of publicity to her colleagues, finally reveals all about her action-packed career which spans almost a century of aviation, and her love for the skies which, even in her nineties, never falters.
The Spleen: Anatomy, Physiology and diseases
by Ahmed H. Al-SalemThis book is about the spleen, a mysterious organ, covering all aspects of its anatomy, physiology, and medical and surgical conditions affecting the spleen. It covers the most areas critical for decision making such as patient's presentation, diagnosis, and management. This book considers the recent developments in diagnosing and treating medical and surgical conditions affecting the spleen, including minimally invasive surgery. It is a quick reference book, well-illustrated, and easy to read and understand. This book should be helpful to medical consultants, surgeons, hematologists, and pediatric surgeons. It also benefits specialists, fellows, medical students, and nurses. The illustrations in this book are clear and include clinical, radiological, operative, pathological, and diagrammatic pictures. These illustrations are detailed, making them easy to grasp and understand.
The Splendid Baron Submarine (The Bizarre Baron Inventions #2)
by Eric Bower"The Splendid Baron Submarine is delightfully absurd, imaginative, and fun—a wonderful book for middleschool children to read on their own, and an even better book for families to read aloud together." - Foreword Reviews, Starred ReviewPirate treasure? A top secret mission? A terribly rude monkey with personal boundary and hygiene issues? Two out of three of those things sound like a dream come true to the young, clumsy, and terribly unscientific Waldo “W.B.” Baron, when his clever inventor parents are hired to go on a secret treasure hunt. The Baron family dives into adventure with their steam-powered submarine, but they aren’t prepared for the complications that occur during their trip, which include shark attacks, deep sea diving mishaps, and even a pirate’s curse, all of which W.B. is lucky enough to discover, one stumble, trip, and fall at a time.
Splendidly Unreasonable Inventors: The Lives, Loves, and Deaths of 30 Pioneers Who Changed the World
by Jeremy Coller Christine ChamberlainWhy do some inventors succeed and others fail? A private equity pioneer explores personal traits and processes that worked for thirty innovators—or didn’t.Jeremy Coller, a pioneer in the world of private equity, argues that there are three basic personality types in the arena of invention. The Principal, Broker, and Consultant each display certain traits that dictate the potential for success, but few people have the full package. Failure results when an individual who excels in one area of competence attempts to become all things. Thus, even accomplished geniuses can end up penniless.In Splendidly Unreasonable Inventors, Coller focuses on the individual rather than the invention—and explores the ways in which he or she did or did not succeed in bringing their vision to fruition. On one level, the book is a collection of fascinating stories packed with quirky, often humorous nuggets of information. On another level, these stories provide an unconventional look at the processes and personalities that created products that changed the world, including: Jonas Salk and the polio vaccineKing Gillette and the safety razorAlfred Nobel and dynamiteSam Colt and the revolverRudolph Diesel and the diesel engine, and more
Spline and Spline Wavelet Methods with Applications to Signal and Image Processing: Volume III: Selected Topics
by Amir Z. Averbuch Pekka Neittaanmäki Valery A. ZheludevThis book provides a practical guide, complete with accompanying Matlab software, to many different types of polynomial and discrete splines and spline-based wavelets, multiwavelets and wavelet frames in signal and image processing applications. In self-contained form, it briefly outlines a broad range of polynomial and discrete splines with equidistant nodes and their signal-processing-relevant properties. In particular, interpolating, smoothing, and shift-orthogonal splines are presented.
Spline and Spline Wavelet Methods with Applications to Signal and Image Processing
by Valery A. Zheludev Pekka Neittaanmäki Amir Z. AverbuchThis book presents various contributions of splines to signal and image processing from a unified perspective that is based on the Zak transform (ZT). It expands the methodology from periodic splines, which were presented in the first volume, to non-periodic splines. Together, these books provide a universal toolbox accompanied by MATLAB software for manipulating polynomial and discrete splines, spline-based wavelets, wavelet packets and wavelet frames for signal/ image processing applications. In this volume, we see that the ZT provides an integral representation of discrete and polynomial splines, which, to some extent, is similar to Fourier integral. The authors explore elements of spline theory and design, and consider different types of polynomial and discrete splines. They describe applications of spline-based wavelets to data compression. These splines are useful for real-time signal processing and, in particular, real-time wavelet and frame transforms. Further topics addressed in this volume include: "global" splines, such as interpolating, self-dual and smoothing, whose supports are infinite; the compactly supported quasi-interpolating and smoothing splines including quasi-interpolating splines on non-uniform grids; and cubic Hermite splines as a source for the design of multiwavelets and multiwavelet frames. Readers from various disciplines including engineering, computer science and mathematical information technology will find the descriptions of algorithms, applications and software in this book especially useful.
A Splintered History of Wood: Belt-Sander Races, Blind Woodworkers & Baseball Bats
by Spike CarlsenIn a world without wood, we might not be here at all. Without wood, we wouldn't have had the fire, heat, and shelter that allowed us to expand into the colder regions of the planet. If civilization somehow did develop, our daily lives still would be vastly different: there would be no violins, baseball bats, chopsticks, or wine corks. The book you are now holding wouldn't exist. At the same time, many of us are removed from the world where wood is shaped and celebrated every day. That world is inhabited by a unique assortment of eccentric craftsmen and passionate enthusiasts who have created some of the world's most beloved musical instruments, feared weapons, dazzling architecture, sacred relics, and bizarre forms of transportation. In A Splintered History of Wood, Spike Carlsen has uncovered the most outlandish characters and examples, from world-champion chainsaw carvers to blind woodworkers, the Miraculous Staircase to the Lindbergh kidnapping case, and many more, in a passionate and personal exploration of nature's greatest gift.
Split Manufacturing of Integrated Circuits for Hardware Security and Trust: Methods, Attacks and Defenses
by Ranga Vemuri Suyuan ChenGlobalization of the integrated circuit (IC) supply chains led to many potential vulnerabilities. Several attack scenarios can exploit these vulnerabilities to reverse engineer IC designs or to insert malicious trojan circuits. Split manufacturing refers to the process of splitting an IC design into multiple parts and fabricating these parts at two or more foundries such that the design is secure even when some or all of those foundries are potentially untrusted. Realizing its security benefits, researchers have proposed split fabrication methods for 2D, 2.5D, and the emerging 3D ICs. Both attack methods against split designs and defense techniques to thwart those attacks while minimizing overheads have steadily progressed over the past decade. This book presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art and emerging directions in design splitting for secure split fabrication, design recognition and recovery attacks against split designs, and design techniques to defend against those attacks. Readers will learn methodologies for secure and trusted IC design and fabrication using split design methods to protect against supply chain vulnerabilities.