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XV International Scientific Conference “INTERAGROMASH 2022”: Global Precision Ag Innovation 2022, Volume 2 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #575)
by Alexey Beskopylny Mark Shamtsyan Viktor ArtiukhThe book contains proceedings of the XV International Scientific Conference INTERAGROMASH 2022, Rostov-on-Don, Russia. This conference is dedicated to the innovations in the field of precision agriculture, robotics and machines, as well as agriculture biotechnologies and soil management. It is a collection of original and fundamental research in such areas as follows: unmanned aerial systems, satellite-based applications, proximal and remote sensing of soil and crop, positioning systems, geostatistics, mapping and spatial data analysis, robotics, and automation. Potential and prospects for the use of hydrogen in agriculture, for example, in high-performance tractors with hybrid electric transmission, are disclosed in the research works of scientists from all over the world. It also includes such topics as precision horticulture, precision crop protection, differential harvest, precision livestock farming, controlling environment in animal husbandry, and other topics. One of the important issues raised in the book is to ensure the autonomy of local farms. The topic of the impact of the agro-industrial sector on the environment also received wide coverage. Ways to reduce the burden on the environment are proposed, and the use of alternative fuels and fertilizers is suggested. The research results presented in this book cover the experience and the latest studies on the sustainable functioning of agribusiness in several climatic zones. The tundra and taiga, forest-steppe, the steppe and semi-desert—all this is a unique and incredibly demanded bank of information, the main value of which is the real experience of the functioning of agribusiness in difficult climatic and geographic conditions. These materials are of interest for professionals and practitioners, for researchers, scholars, and producers. They are used in the educational process at specific agricultural universities or during vocational training at enterprises and also become an indispensable helper to farm managers in making the best agronomic decisions.
XV Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing – MEDICON 2019: Proceedings of MEDICON 2019, September 26-28, 2019, Coimbra, Portugal (IFMBE Proceedings #76)
by Jorge Henriques Nuno Neves Paulo De CarvalhoThis book gathers the proceedings of MEDICON 2019 – the XV Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing – which was held in September 26-28, 2019, in Coimbra, Portugal. A special emphasis has been given to practical findings, techniques and methods, aimed at fostering an effective patient empowerment, i.e. to position the patient at the heart of the health system and encourages them to be actively involved in managing their own healthcare needs. The book reports on research and development in electrical engineering, computing, data science and instrumentation, and on many topics at the interface between those disciplines. It provides academics and professionals with extensive knowledge on cutting-edge techniques and tools for detection, prevention, treatment and management of diseases. A special emphasis is given to effective advances, as well as new directions and challenges towards improving healthcare through holistic patient empowerment.
XXVI Brazilian Congress on Biomedical Engineering: CBEB 2018, Armação de Buzios, RJ, Brazil, 21-25 October 2018 (Vol. 1) (IFMBE Proceedings #70/1)
by Rodrigo Costa-Felix João Carlos Machado André Victor AlvarengaThis volume presents the proceedings of the Brazilian Congress on Biomedical Engineering (CBEB 2018). The conference was organised by the Brazilian Society on Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) and held in Armação de Buzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 21-25 October, 2018. Topics of the proceedings include these 11 tracks: • Bioengineering • Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering and Artificial Organs • Biomechanics and Rehabilitation • Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation • Biomedical Robotics, Assistive Technologies and Health Informatics • Clinical Engineering and Health Technology Assessment • Metrology, Standardization, Testing and Quality in Health • Biomedical Signal and Image Processing • Neural Engineering • Special Topics • Systems and Technologies for Therapy and Diagnosis
XXVI Brazilian Congress on Biomedical Engineering: CBEB 2018, Armação de Buzios, RJ, Brazil, 21-25 October 2018 (Vol. 2) (IFMBE Proceedings #70/2)
by Rodrigo Costa-Felix João Carlos Machado André Victor AlvarengaThis volume presents the proceedings of the Brazilian Congress on Biomedical Engineering (CBEB 2018). The conference was organised by the Brazilian Society on Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) and held in Armação de Buzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 21-25 October, 2018.Topics of the proceedings include these 11 tracks:• Bioengineering• Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering and Artificial Organs• Biomechanics and Rehabilitation• Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation• Biomedical Robotics, Assistive Technologies and Health Informatics• Clinical Engineering and Health Technology Assessment• Metrology, Standardization, Testing and Quality in Health• Biomedical Signal and Image Processing• Neural Engineering• Special Topics• Systems and Technologies for Therapy and Diagnosis
XXX Russian-Polish-Slovak Seminar Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering: Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering #189)
by Pavel Akimov Nikolai VatinThis book gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of civil, environmental and construction engineering, as presented by researchers and engineers at the XXX Annual Russian-Polish-Slovak Seminar Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering (RSP), held in September 2021. Co-organized by six universities from Russia, Poland and Slovakia, the event covered diverse topics such as structural mechanics; building structures; geodesy and geotechnics; transport and environmental issues in civil engineering. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaborations.
XXXIX. Internationales μ-Symposium 2022 Bremsen-Fachtagung: XXXIX. International μ-Symposium 2022 Brake Conference (Proceedings)
by Ralph MayerSchwerpunkte des µ-Symposiums 2022 liegen auf Umweltaspekten von Mobilitätslösungen insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit Bremssystemen.Das Symposium ist eine seit mehr als vier Jahrzehnten etablierte Plattform für den Wissens- und Gedankenaustausch von Forschern und Entwicklern aller Unternehmen und Institutionen auf dem Gebiet der Bremsentechnik.Der InhaltNachhaltiges Bremsbelagrecycling - Beschichtung von Bremsscheiben zur Erreichung der Feinstaubgrenzwerte für Pkw - Bremsenknarzen im NVH-Entwicklungsprozess: Detektion, Klassifizierung und objektive Bewertung - der XiL-Ansatz bei Bremsemissionsuntersuchungen - Elektrohydraulische Integralbremse für Mikromobilität - Kreislaufwirtschaft in der AutomobilindustrieDie ZielgruppenIngenieure und Techniker im Bereich der Bremsentechnik aus Industrie und Forschung, Ingenieure und Entwickler aus dem Bereich Maschinenbau und Fahrzeugtechnik
XXXVIII. Internationales μ-Symposium 2019 Bremsen-Fachtagung: XXXVIII. International μ-Symposium 2019 Brake Conference October 25th 2019, Düsseldorf/Germany Held by TMD Friction EsCo GmbH, Leverkusen (Proceedings)
by Ralph MayerSchwerpunkte der Bremsen-Fachtagung 2019 liegen u. a. bei Hitzerissbildung in Lkw-Bremsscheiben, Bremsflüssigkeiten sowie rekuperativen Bremssystemen.Das Symposium ist eine unverzichtbare Plattform für den Wissens- und Gedankenaustauschvon Forschern und Entwicklern aller Unternehmen undInstitutionen auf dem Gebiet der Bremsentechnik.
Yams: Botany, Production and Uses (Botany, Production and Uses)
by Anthony Keith Thompson Professor Ibok OduroDioscorea species, commonly known as yams, are tuberous plants that constitute a major staple food in many parts of Africa, South East Asia, Latin America and the South Pacific. Yams are cultivated in about 50 mainly tropical countries, and the world annual production of edible tubers is around 73 million tonnes. This book evaluates the current state of knowledge about yams, and how this knowledge affects practices in production, cultivation and postharvest technology. Dioscorea is a diverse genus in terms of its geographical origin, domestication, morphology, chemistry and breeding. Therefore, besides concentrating on the dozen or so species that are used as major food crops, the book examines species that have limited commercial or domestic value at present, but have the potential in future to contribute to the production and utilization of this crop. This book: · Covers botany, taxonomy, composition, uses, cultivation, handling, storage, diseases, pests and production. · Describes the yam industry in the main producer countries, and around 100 of the most commonly grown species. · Reviews many Dioscorea species that may be developed in the future. It is an essential resource for researchers in horticulture, yam growers, breeders and postharvest technologists.
The Year of the Century, 1876: 1876
by Dee BrownDee Brown&’s sparkling account of a momentous year in American historyIn 1876, America was eager to celebrate its centenary, but questioned what might lie ahead. The American Republic had grown to four times its original population, and was in the midst of enormous changes. Industrialization was booming, and new energy sources were being used for fuel and power. People were suddenly less bound to agriculture, and there were revolutions in transportation and communication. It was a time of Indian wars, the first stirrings of the labor movement, and the burgeoning struggle form women&’s and other civil rights. Historian Dee Brown takes the measure of America in a rare moment of reflection on the nation&’s past, present, and future. The Year of the Century was one of Brown&’s favorites among his works. In page-turning prose, he tells of a tumultuous era and of a young nation taking stock. This ebook features an illustrated biography of Dee Brown including rare photos from the author&’s personal collection.
Yearbook of Sustainable Smart Mining and Energy 2021: Technical, Economic and Legal Framework (Yearbook of Sustainable Smart Mining and Energy - Technical, Economic and Legal Framework #1)
by Walter Frenz Axel PreußeThis book is at the center of the UN goals of combining environment and economic development with new technologies.First, sustainability in mining is defined as a process of transformation. This is followed by an outlook on the aspects of safety, economy, environmental impact and digital transformation. The book includes a discussion of new aspects such as the problem of liability for mining damages regarding climate change in Peru. Specific technical issues in smart mining are covered as well, such as underground localization systems based on ultra-wide band radio and inertial navigation, or the use of thermal imaging for roof crack detection. In addition, the characterization of material flows, subsurface hydrogen-storage systems and the prediction of mining induced subsidence and uplift are dealt with.The Sustainable Smart Mining and Energy Yearbook is not only aimed at researchers professionals, but at all who want to get an overview of the important technical and legal topics in this field.
Yearbook on Space Policy 2010/2011
by Peter Hulsroj Blandina Baranes Spyros PagkratisThe Yearbook on Space Policy is the reference publication analysing space policy developments. Each year it presents issues and trends in space policy and the space sector as a whole. Its scope is global and its perspective is European. The Yearbook also links space policy with other policy areas. It highlights specific events and issues, and provides useful insights, data and information on space activities. The Yearbook on Space Policy is edited by the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) based in Vienna, Austria. It combines in-house research and contributions of members of the European Space Policy Research and Academic Network (ESPRAN), coordinated by ESPI. The Yearbook is designed for government decision-makers and agencies, industry professionals, as well as the service sectors, researchers and scientists and the interested public.
Yearbook on Space Policy 2011/2012
by Arne Lahcen Peter Hulsroj Blandina Baranes Cenan Al-EkabiThe Yearbook on Space Policy is the reference publication analyzing space policy developments. Each year it presents issues and trends in space policy and the space sector as a whole. Its scope is global and its perspective is European. The Yearbook also links space policy with other policy areas. It highlights specific events and issues, and provides useful insights, data and information on space activities. The Yearbook on Space Policy is edited by the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) based in Vienna, Austria. It combines in-house research and contributions of members of the European Space Policy Research and Academic Network (ESPRAN), coordinated by ESPI. The Yearbook is designed for government decision-makers and agencies, industry professionals, as well as the service sectors, researchers and scientists and the interested public.
Yearbook on Space Policy 2017: Security in Outer Space: Rising Stakes for Civilian Space Programmes (Yearbook on Space Policy)
by Giulia Bordacchini Edward BurgerThe book describes the recent trends in space policy and the space sector overall. While maintaining a global scope with a European perspective, it links space policy with other policy areas, highlights major events, and provides insights on the latest data. The Yearbook includes the proceedings of ESPI's 12th Autumn Conference, which discussed the growing importance of Security in Outer Space and the stakes for civilian space programmes in the public and private sectors. Bringing together satellite operators, SMEs, European and American institutions, and think tanks, the Autumn Conference served as platform for fresh insights on security in outer space and the potential of transatlantic relations to address its challenges. The Yearbook also includes executive summaries of ESPI's work in 2017 as well as ESPI's 2017 Executive Briefs, covering topics such as suborbital spaceflight, super heavy lift launch vehicles, collaboration with China, and the delimitation of outer space. All in all, the book gives a detailed review of space policy developments worldwide, contextualised with information about national-level space industries and activity and broader political and economic conditions. The readership is expected to include the staff of space agencies, the space industry, and the space law and policy research community.
Yeast Metabolic Engineering: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2513)
by Valeria Mapelli Maurizio BettigaThis second edition volume expands on the previous edition with new and updated chapters on the latest developments in the study of yeast within the biotechnology field. The chapters in this book cover topics such as transformation protocols for genetic engineering of Saccaromyces cerevisiae and Komagataella spp.; an overview of selection markers, promoters, and strains used for metabolic engineering of S. cerevisiae, P. pastoris, and Z. bailii; the use of yeast in CRISPR/Cas9 technology; tools to study metabolic pathway in Yarrowia lypolitica; and a discussion on the “universal expression system” that is applied in a broad spectrum of fungal species. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and authoritative, Yeast Metabolic Engineering: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition is a valuable resource for researchers and scientists interested in learning more about this important and developing field.
Yeast Strain Selection
by Chandra J. PanchalContributors from universities and food, pharmaceutical, and brewing companies detail the current state of yeast strain development and handling, highlighting advances in yeast selection for academic research, industry, and recombinant DNA technology. Featuring the use of Saccharomyces and other yea
Yeasts in the Production of Wine
by Patrizia Romano Maurizio Ciani Graham H. FleetIt is well established that certain strains of yeasts are suitable for transforming grape sugars into alcohol, while other yeast strains are not suitable for grape fermentations. Recent progress has clearly demonstrated that the sensory profile of a wine is characteristic of each vine cultivated, and the quality and technological characteristics of the final product varies considerably due to the strains which have performed and/or dominated the fermentation process. Because of their technological properties, wine yeast strains differ significantly in their fermentation performance and in their contribution to the final bouquet and quality of wine, such as useful enzymatic activities and production of secondary compounds related both to wine organoleptic quality and human health. The wine industry is greatly interested in wine yeast strains with a range of specialized properties, but as the expression of these properties differs with the type and style of wine to be made, the actual trend is in the use of selected strains, which are more appropriate to optimize grape quality. Additionally, wine quality can be influenced by the potential growth and activity of undesirable yeast species, considered spoilage yeasts, which cause sluggish and stuck fermentation and detrimental taste and aroma in the wine.
Yellow Alkaline Noodles
by Roselina Karim Muhammad Tauseef SultanThis Brief will provide an overview of various types of noodles with special emphasis on yellow alkaline noodles. It includes detailed discussions about yellow alkaline noodles including their ingredients, processing technology, the factors affecting their nutritional value and quality. Recent developments and potential ways of improving ingredient quality and enhancing their shelf life are the hallmark of this Springer brief. Noodles are one of the oldest forms of processed foods and they comprise an important part of the diet of various Asian countries, and are popular world-wide. Yellow alkaline noodles specifically are the preferred noodle of Southeast Asia (e. g. , China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, Japan and Korea) and accounts for ~30% wheat flour consumption in some countries.
Yellow Biotechnology I
by Andreas VilcinskasUtility of Insects for Studying Human Pathogens and Evaluating New Antimicrobial Agents, by Yan Wang, De-Dong Li, Yuan-Ying Jiang and Eleftherios Mylonakis. Galleria Mellonella as a Model Host to Study Gut Microbe Homeostasis and Brain Infection by the Human Pathogen Listeria Monocytogenes, by Krishnendu Mukherjee, Ramya Raju, Rainer Fischer and Andreas Vilcinskas. Drosophila as a Model to Study Metabolic Disorders, by Julia Hoffmann, Renja Romey, Christine Fink and Thomas Roeder. The Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster as a Model for Aging Research, by Annely Brandt and Andreas Vilcinskas. Drosophila and the Hallmarks of Cancer, by Theodoulakis Christofi and Yiorgos Apidianakis. The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum as a model to monitor food safety and functionality, by Stefanie Grünwald, Iris V. Adam, Ana-Maria Gurmai, Ludmila Bauer, Michael Boll, and Uwe Wenzel. Identification and Bioanalysis of Natural Products from Insect Symbionts and Pathogens, by Alexander O. Brachmann and Helge B. Bode. Antiparasitic Peptides, by Jette Pretzel, Franziska Mohring, Stefan Rahlfs and Katja Becker.
Yesterday: How Do You Solve A Murder When You Only Remember...
by Felicia YapHow do you solve a murder when you can only remember yesterday?Imagine a world in which classes are divided not by wealth or religion but by how much each group can remember. Monos, the majority, have only one day's worth of memory; elite Duos have two. In this stratified society, where Monos are excluded from holding high office and demanding jobs, Claire and Mark are a rare mixed marriage. Clare is a conscientious Mono housewife, Mark a novelist-turned-politician Duo on the rise. They are a shining example of a new vision of tolerance and equality-until...A beautiful woman is found dead, her body dumped in England's River Cam. The woman is Mark's mistress, and he is the prime suspect in her murder. The detective investigating the case has secrets of his own. So did the victim. And when both the investigator's and the suspect's memories are constantly erased--how can anyone learn the truth?Told from four different perspectives, that of Mark, Claire, the detective on the case, and the victim--Felicia Yap's staggeringly inventive debut leads us on a race against an ever-resetting clock to find the killer. With the science-fiction world-building of Philip K. Dick and the twisted ingenuity of Memento, Yesterday is a thriller you'll never forget.
Yield-Aware Analog IC Design and Optimization in Nanometer-scale Technologies
by Nuno Cavaco Horta António Manuel Canelas Jorge Manuel GuilhermeThis book presents a new methodology with reduced time impact to address the problem of analog integrated circuit (IC) yield estimation by means of Monte Carlo (MC) analysis, inside an optimization loop of a population-based algorithm. The low time impact on the overall optimization processes enables IC designers to perform yield optimization with the most accurate yield estimation method, MC simulations using foundry statistical device models considering local and global variations. The methodology described by the authors delivers on average a reduction of 89% in the total number of MC simulations, when compared to the exhaustive MC analysis over the full population. In addition to describing a newly developed yield estimation technique, the authors also provide detailed background on automatic analog IC sizing and optimization.
Yield Design
by Jean SalençonSince the middle of the 20th Century yield design approaches have been identified with the lower and upper bound theorem of limit analysis theory – a theory associated with perfect plasticity. This theory is very restrictive regarding the applicability of yield design approaches, which have been used for centuries for the stability of civil engineering structures. This book presents a theory of yield design within the original “equilibrium/resistance” framework rather than referring to the theories of plasticity or limit analysis; expressing the compatibility between the equilibrium of the considered structure and the resistance of its constituent material through simple mathematical arguments of duality and convex analysis results in a general formulation, which encompasses the many aspects of its implementation to various stability analysis problems. After a historic outline and an introductory example, the general theory is developed for the three-dimensional continuum model in a versatile form based upon simple arguments from the mathematical theory of convexity. It is then straightforwardly transposed to the one-dimensional curvilinear continuum, for the yield design analysis of beams, and the two-dimensional continuum model of plates and thin slabs subjected to bending. Field and laboratory observations of the collapse of mechanical systems are presented along with the defining concept of the multi-parameter loading mode. The compatibility of equilibrium and resistance is first expressed in its primal form, on the basis of the equilibrium equations and the strength domain of the material defined by a convex strength criterion along with the dual approach in the field of potentially safe loads, as is the highlighting of the role implicitly played by the theory of yield design as the fundamental basis of the implementation of the ultimate limit state design (ULSD) philosophy with the explicit introduction of resistance parameters. Contents 1. Origins and Topicality of a Concept. 2. An Introductory Example of the Yield Design Approach. 3. The Continuum Mechanics Framework. 4. Primal Approach of the Theory of Yield Design. 5. Dual Approach of the Theory of Yield Design. 6. Kinematic Exterior Approach. 7. Ultimate Limit State Design from the Theory of Yield Design. 8. Optimality and Probability Approaches of Yield Design. 9. Yield Design of Structures. 10. Yield Design of Plates: the Model. 11. Yield Design of Plates Subjected to Pure Bending. About the Authors Jean Salençon is Emeritus Professor at École polytechnique and École des ponts et chaussées, ParisTech, France. Since 2009 he has been a member of the Administrative Board of CNRS (Paris, France). He has received many awards including the Légion d’Honneur (Commander), Ordre National du Mérite (Officer) and Palmes Académiques (Commander). His research interests include structure analysis, soil mechanics and continuum mechanics.
Yo Wants to Know: Where Do Stars Go During the Day?
by Lea DanielDo you ever wonder where the stars go during the day? Yo is ready to fly into the sky in a rocket ship when he learns something from his Dad. Yo learns that even though he can’t see the stars during the day, they are always there.
Yo Wants to Know: What Happened to the Lights?
by Lea DanielHave you ever had a power outage in your house? The electricity in Yo’s neighborhood goes out, but his mom is prepared with emergency supplies. She makes a special treat and Yo’s dad tells a story to make the night less scary.
Yogurt, Yoghurt, Youghourt: An International Cookbook
by Linda K FullerFeaturing over 200 recipes from more than 55 countries, Yogurt, Yoghurt, Youghourt is the cookbook for today's taste- and nutrition-conscious consumer. Linda Fuller provides easy-to-follow directions for a terrific selection of yogurt-containing international recipes for a delicious new approach to cooking. Just imagine Mulligatawny Soup, Molded Pineapple Salad, Cranberried Coffeecake, Irish Soda Bread, Greek Pastitsio, Scalloped Oysters, and German Chocolate Cake--all made with yogurt. For the yogurt-lover and the yet-to-be-converted, Yogurt, Yoghurt, Youghourt is a great source of recipes that are delicious, nutritious, and low in calories. Yogurt dates back to Biblical times, and there are references to yogurt in the works of Herodotus, Homer, Pliny, Galen, and other ancient historians and physicians. For thousands of years, yogurt has survived and become a staple in many diets. And now, here is a book full of new recipes that use this ancient food in a contemporary style. Yogurt, as an outstanding supplement to a well-balanced diet, can be included in every course in a meal. For example:start off right with hors d'oeuvres or appetizers such as Guatemalan Guacamole, Crabby Hawaiian Dip, Jamaican Curried Eggs, Japanese Gingered Shrimp, or German Party Meatballscontinue with soups and salads such as Chilean Chicken-Corn Salad, Norwegian Salmon Salad, French Blueberry Bisque, Turkish Beef Soup, Creole Callaloo, and a variety of dressingsfor the main course, whether lunch, dinner, or supper, try one of these dishes: Balinese Braised Chicken, Bohemian Veal Roast, Italian Heroes, Polish Pike, Mexican Meal-in-a-Minute, and Yankee Red Flannel Hashround out meals with breads and cakes like Scottish Scones, Impeccable Pecan Muffins, Far Eastern Flat Bread, Albanian Nut Cake, Colombian Cocoa Cake, and Hussar Tortefor that finishing touch, choices include Armenian Lemon Bars, Barbados Banana Pudding, Singapore Tapioca, Guy Fawkes Fingers, Greek Apple Crisp, Cuban Cheesecake, and Southern Pecan Pieand don't forget beverages--try Austrian Apricot Frost, Hearty Health Drink, Persian Abdug, Sweet Indian Lasse, or Turkish Yogurt Fizz for thirst quenchersEach section of recipes is alphabetized, making it easy to find the recipe you want quickly. All ingredients are precisely specified, but the innovative reader/cook is encouraged to experiment with flavors and textures. Whether you are familiar with the joys of yogurt or are just beginning to learn, these recipes are sure to get your mouth watering for Yogurt, Yoghurt, Youghourt.
Yojana June 2022: योजना जून 2022
by Yojanaयोजना जून 2022 पत्रिका का संस्करण नए जमाने की तकनीक, नई प्रौद्योगिकियाँ पर केंद्रित है। पत्रिका में जिन विषयों पर चर्चा की गई है उनमें- प्रमुख आलेख, फोकस और विशेष आलेख हैं।