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Synergy of Bio-Chemical Processes for Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Wastewater Treatment
by Elvis Fosso-Kankeu Soumya Pandit Sadanand PandeyThe concept of photoelectrochemistry applied to microbial fuel cells could be the future of sustainable wastewater treatment and for hydrogen recovery as a valuable energy source. With the increase of recalcitrant organic pollutants in industrial wastewater, the need for a sustainable bio-electrochemical process has become pressing in order to ensure that treatment processes are coupled with some beneficiation advantages. Microbial fuel cells combine wastewater treatment and biological power generation. However, the resistance of these organic pollutants to biological degradation requires further adjustment of the system to improve sustainability through maximization of energy production. Solar energy conversion using photocatalysis has drawn huge attention for its potential to provide renewable and sustainable energy. Furthermore, it might be the solution to serious environmental and energy-related problems. It has been widely understood for several years that the top global issues today are concerned with securing a clean supply of water and ensuring a reasonable price for clean energy. Researchers are studying advanced materials and processes to produce clean, renewable hydrogen fuel through photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic water splitting, as well as to reduce carbon dioxide from the air into fuels through photocatalysis. Limited progress is occurring in these areas. The purpose of this book is to comprehensively cover the evolvement in the conceptualization and application of photocatalytic fuel cells, as well as make a critical assessment of the contribution in the field of sustainable wastewater treatment and renewable energy production. This book contains nine specialized chapters that provide comprehensive coverage of the design of photocatalytic fuel cells and their applications, including environmental remediation, chemical synthesis, green energy generation, model simulation for scaling up processes and implementation, and most importantly maximization of hydrogen evolution, recovery, and applications. Audience A wide audience of academics, industrial researchers, and graduate students working in heterogeneous photocatalysis, fuel cells, sustainable chemistry, nanotechnology, chemical engineering, environmental protection, and surfaces and interfaces, will find this book useful. The book is also important for professionals, namely environmental managers, water treatment plants managers and operators, water authorities, government regulatory bodies officers, and environmentalists.
Synergy of Community Policing and Technology: A Comparative Approach (SpringerBriefs in Criminology)
by M. R. Haberfeld Georgios LeventakisThis brief examines the interaction and synergy between the philosophical concepts embedded in the ideas of Community Oriented Policing (C.O. P.) and urban security aided by technological innovations. While the philosophy of C.O.P. stresses the importance of collaboration between members of the public and its police forces technology that is becoming rapidly integrated in various police tactics creates new legal challenges and operational hurdles. This approach, coined as “Next Generation Community Policing”, is discussed through the chapters of the brief and illustrated with examples from a number of different countries and their approaches to this topic.
Synesis: The Unification of Productivity, Quality, Safety and Reliability
by Erik HollnagelThe complexity of today’s large organisations, businesses, and social institutions defeats management approaches based on monolithic thinking. Most industry and service organisations look at their performance either from a single perspective – productivity, quality, safety, etc. – or from different but separate perspectives that reside in organisational silos. Quality is treated separately from safety, which, again, is treated separately from productivity, and so on. While siloed thinking may be convenient in the short term, it fails to recognise that any specific perspective reveals only a part of what goes on. Yet it is essential to have a unified view of how an organisation functions effectively to manage changes and to ensure the organisation excels in what it does. Synesis represents the mutually dependent set of priorities, perspectives, and practices that an organisation needs to carry out its activities as intended. It shows how to overcome the fragmentation in foci, scope, and time that characterises the dominant change management paradigms. This book is consequently not about productivity or quality or safety or reliability but about all of these together. It is about why it is necessary to think of them as a whole. And it is about how this can be done in practice.
Syntactic Networks—Kernel Memory Approach (Studies in Computational Intelligence #1157)
by Tetsuya HoyaThis book proposes a novel connectionist approach to a challenging topic of language modeling within the context of kernel memory and artificial mind system, both proposed previously by the author in the very first volume of the series, Artificial Mind System—Kernel Memory Approach: Studies in Computational Intelligence, Vol. 1. The present volume focuses on how syntactic structures of language are modeled in terms of the respective composite connectionist architectures, each embracing both the nonsymbolic and symbolic parts. These two parts are developed via inter-module processes within the artificial mind system and eventually integrated under a unified framework of kernel memory. The data representation by the networks embodied within the kernel memory principle is essentially local, unlike conventional artificial neural network models such as the pervasive multilayer perceptron-based neural networks. With this locality principle, kernel memory inherently bears many attractive features, such as topologically unconstrained network formation, straightforward network growing, shrinking, and reconfiguration, no requirement of arduous iterative parameter tuning, construction of transparent and hierarchical data structures, and multimodal and temporal data processing via the network representation. Exploiting these multifacet properties of kernel memory with interweaving the notion of inter-module processing within the artificial mind system provides coherent accounts for concept formation and how various linguistic phenomena, viz. word compoundings, morphologies, and multiword constructions, are modeled. The description is then extended to more intricate network models of context-dependent lexical network and syntactic-oriented processing, the latter being the central theme of the present study, and further to those representing a hybrid of nonverbal and verbal thinking, and semantic and pragmatic aspects of sentential meaning. The book is intended for general readers engaging in various areas of study in cognitive science, computer science, engineering, linguistics, philosophy, psycholinguistics, and psychology.
Synthesis and Applications of Copolymers
by Anbanandam ParthibanUnderstanding the reactivity of monomers is crucial in creating copolymers and determining the outcome of copolymerization. Covering the fundamental aspects of polymerization, Synthesis and Applications of Copolymers explores the reactivity of monomers and reaction conditions that ensure that the newly formed polymeric materials exhibit desired properties. Referencing a wide-range of disciplines, the book provides researchers, students, and scientists with the preparation of a diverse variety of copolymers and their recent developments, with a particular focus on copolymerization, crystallization, and techniques like nanoimprinting and micropatterning.
Synthesis and Applications of Nanocarbons (Nanocarbon Chemistry and Interfaces)
by Nianjun YangA crucial overview of the cutting-edge in nanocarbon research and applications In Synthesis and Applications of Nanocarbons, the distinguished authors have set out to discuss fundamental topics, synthetic approaches, materials challenges, and various applications of this rapidly developing technology. Nanocarbons have recently emerged as a promising material for chemical, energy, environmental, and medical applications because of their unique chemical properties and their rich surface chemistries. This book is the latest entry in the Wiley book series Nanocarbon Chemistry and Interfaces and seeks to comprehensively address many of the newly surfacing areas of controversy and development in the field. This book introduces foundational concepts in nanocarbon technology, hybrids, and applications, while also covering the most recent and cutting-edge developments in this area of study. Synthesis and Applications of Nanocarbons addresses new discoveries in the field, including: · Nanodiamonds · Onion-like carbons · Carbon nanotubes · Fullerenes · Carbon dots · Carbon fibers · Graphene · Aerographite This book provides a transversal view of the various nanocarbon materials and hybrids and helps to share knowledge between the communities of each material and hybrid type.
Synthesis and Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites (Composites Science and Technology)
by Imran Uddin Irfan AhmadThis book brings together multiple aspects of the recent research conducted in the field of nanotechnology covering topics such as the synthesis of various nanoparticles, nanorods, graphene, graphene oxide-metal composites, characterization of these materials, and ample aspects of various applications including in heavy metal sensing, optoelectronic devices, gas sensing, solar cells, biomedical sensors, role in the drug delivery, and waste-water treatment. The book is of interest to early career researchers, who are trying to grasp multiple aspects of nanomaterials and nanocomposite synthesis and its potential applications.
Synthesis and Applications of Nanoparticles
by Atul Thakur Preeti Thakur S. M. Paul KhuranaThis book provides thorough information on various nanomaterials, techniques for their synthesis and characterization, and examines their agricultural, environmental, biomedical, and clinical applications. The initial part of the book presents different nanomaterials; covers various physical, chemical, and biological methods for their synthesis; and reviews techniques to characterize their physicochemical and biological properties. Subsequently, the chapters of the book focus on the innovative applications of nanomaterials in disease diagnosis, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cancer therapy. It also explores the green biosynthesis of nanomaterials and highlights their biological applications. Towards the end, the book examines the toxicity and biocompatibility of various nanomaterials. It aims to serve as a resource guide for researchers and biomedical clinicians working with nanomaterials.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Non-Fullerene Electron Acceptors for Organic Photovoltaics (Springer Theses)
by Sarah HollidayThis book reports on the design, synthesis and characterization of new small molecule electron acceptors for polymer solar cells. Starting with a detailed introduction to the science behind polymer solar cells, the author then goes on to review the challenges and advances made in developing non-fullerene acceptors so far. In the main body of the book, the author describes the design principles and synthetic strategy for a new family of acceptors, including detailed synthetic procedures and molecular modeling data used to predict physical properties. An indepth characterization of the photovoltaic performance, with transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), photo-induced charge extraction, and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) is also included, and the author uses this data to relate material properties and device performance. This book provides a useful overview for researchers beginning a project in this or related areas.
Synthesis and Characterization of Piezotronic Materials for Application in Strain/Stress Sensing
by Ren Zhu Rusen YangThis book explores the new materials and the resultant new field of piezotronics. The growth and alignment of the zinc oxide nanostructures are discussed in detail because of its wide adoption in this field and its significance in optics, health, and sensing applications. The characterization of the piezotronic effect and how to distinguish it from other similar but, fundamentally different effects, like piezoresistive effect is also considered. The huge potential in the wearable and flexible devices, as well as organic materials, is further examined. The stain/stress sensing is introduced as an example of an application with piezotronic materials.
Synthesis and Device Applications of Graphene Derivatives and Quantum Dots (Synthesis Lectures on Green Energy and Technology)
by Fangyan SunThe book explores the synthesis methods and device applications of graphene derivatives and quantum dots. The book offers a detailed overview of the synthesis techniques used for these advanced nanomaterials, including solution-phase synthesis, and surface functionalization. It delves into the unique properties and characteristics of graphene derivatives and quantum dots, highlighting their potential for revolutionizing electronic devices. The book also addresses the challenges and limitations associated with their synthesis and device integration, providing valuable insights for researchers and professionals in the field. Written by experts in the field, this book serves as a valuable resource for scientists, engineers, and students interested in exploring the vast potential of graphene derivatives and quantum dots in the development of innovative devices with enhanced performance and functionality.
Synthesis and Optimization of Chalcogenides Quantum Dots Thermoelectric Materials
by Chong XiaoThis thesis focuses onchalcogenide compoundquantum dots with special crystal structures and behaviors inan effort to achieve the synergistic optimization of electrical andthermal transport for high-efficiency thermoelectric materials. The controllability and large-scale synthesis of chalcogenide quantum dots are realizedthrough simple colloid synthesis, and the synergistic optimization of the materials' electrical and thermal transport properties is successfully achieved. Furthermore, the book exploresthe mechanism involved inthe integration of high thermoelectric performance and reversible p-nsemiconducting switching in bimetal chalcogenide semiconductors. As such, the thesis will be of interest touniversity researchers and graduate students in the materials science,chemistry and physics.
Synthesis and Polymerization of Metal-Containing Monomers
by Anatoly D. PomogailoThis book overviews methods for the synthesis of metal-containing monomers with various types of metal bonds to the organic moiety of the molecule, such as ionic, covalent, donor-acceptor, and others. Published data on homopolymerization, copolymerization, and graft polymerization of these monomers are generalized. Synthesis and Polymerization of Metal-Containing Monomers discusses features typical of the molecular and structural organization of the resulting metal-containing polymers, their properties and the associated major applications, such as catalytical and biological activity, electrophysical characteristics, and thermal resistance.
Synthesis and Tribological Applications of Hybrid Materials: Synthesis And Tribological Applications
by Mohammad Jawaid Rajini Nagarajan Jacob Sukumaran Patrick De BaetsIn-depth knowledge on tribological applications of hybrid composites Synthesis and Tribological Applications of Hybrid Materials provides a comprehensive overview of tribological properties of hybrid composites. The book offers an understanding of the processes, materials, techniques and mechanisms related to the tribological concepts and includes information on the most recent developments in the field. With contributions from an international panel of experts, the book discusses the synthesis and characterization of hybrid materials, as well as their applications in biotechnological and biomedical fields. The book covers a wide-range of versatile topics such as: Tribological assessment on accelerated aging bones in polymeric condition; Nano fracture and wear testing on natural bones; Tribological behaviour of glass fiber with fillers reinforced hybrid polymer composites and jute/glass hybrid composites; Wear properties of glass fiber hybrid, and acid- and silane-modified CNT filled hybrid glass/kenaf epoxy composites; Hybrid natural fibre composites as a friction material; and much more. This important resource: -Discusses recent advancements in the field of tribology and hybrid materials -Offers a guide for professionals in the fields of materials science, mechanical engineering, biomaterials, chemistry, physics and nanotechnology -Integrates theory, synthesis and properties of nybrid materals as well as their applications -Offers an outlook to the future of this burgeoning technology Written for materials scientists, surface chemists, bioengineers, mechanical engineers, engineering scientists and chemical industry professionals, Synthesis and Tribological Applications of Hybrid Materials is a comprehensive resource that explores the most recent developments in the field.
Synthesis Gas Combustion: Fundamentals and Applications
by Tim C. Lieuwen Vigor Yang Richard YetterCoal, still used to generate more than half of the electric power in the U.S., will likely be part of any future global energy plan. But this finite resource is also responsible for 80 percent of the CO2 emissions from power production, and its continued use will require improved processing techniques that are less damaging to the environment and l
Synthesis Green Metrics: Problems, Exercises, and Solutions
by John AndraosGreen chemistry promotes improved syntheses as an intellectual endeavour that can have a great impact both on preserving and utilizing our planet’s finite resources and the quality of human life. This masterful accomplishment provides an evaluation of environmental impact metrics according to life cycle assessment analysis based on the Mackay compartment environmental model and Guinée environmental impact potentials formalism. Assumptions, limitations, and dealing with missing data are addressed. Best literature resources for finding key toxicological parameters are provided and applied to individual reactions as well as entire synthesis plans, in order to target molecules of interest.
Synthesis of Computational Structures for Analog Signal Processing
by Cosmin Radu PopaSynthesis of Computational Structures for Analog Signal Processing focuses on analysis and design of analog signal processing circuits. The author presents a multitude of design techniques for improving the performances of analog signal processing circuits, and proposes specific implementation strategies that can be used in CMOS technology. The author's discussion proceeds from the perspective of signal processing as it relates to analog. Included are coverage of low-power design, portable equipment, wireless nano-sensors and medical implantable devices. The material is especially appropriate for researchers and specialists in the area of analog and mixed-signal CMOS VLSI design, as well as postgraduate or Ph.D. students working on analog microelectronics.
Synthesis of Embedded Software
by Jean-Pierre Talpin Sandeep Kumar ShuklaEmbedded software is ubiquitous today. There are millions of lines of embedded code in smart phones, and even more in systems responsible for automotive control, avionics control, weapons control and space missions. Some of these are safety-critical systems whose correctness, timely response, and reliability are of paramount importance. These requirement pose new challenges to system designers. This necessitates that a proper design science, based on "constructive correctness" be developed. Correct-by-construction design and synthesis of embedded software is done in a way so that post-development verification is minimized, and correct operation of embedded systems is maximized. This book presents the state of the art in the design of safety-critical, embedded software. It introduced readers to three major approaches to specification driven, embedded software synthesis/construction: synchronous programming based approaches, models of computation based approaches, and an approach based on concurrent programming with a co-design focused language. It is an invaluable reference for practitioners and researchers concerned with improving the product development life-cycle.
Synthesis of Functional Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage
by Huan Pang Xiaoyu Cao Limin Zhu Mingbo ZhengThis book provides a comprehensive review of functional nanomaterials for electrochemical applications, presenting interesting examples of nanomaterials with different dimensions and their applications in electrochemical energy storage. It also discusses the synthesis of functional nanomaterials, including quantum dots; one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanostructures; and advanced nanocomposites. Highlighting recent advances in current electrochemical energy storage hotpots: lithium batteries, lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, other metal-ion batteries, halogen ion batteries, and metal–gas batteries, this book will appeal to readers in the various fields of chemistry, material science and engineering.
Synthesis of Heterocycles via Multicomponent Reactions II
by Eelco Ruijter Romano V. OrruGéraldine Masson, Luc Neuville Carine Bughin Aude Fayol Jieping Zhu Multicomponent Syntheses of Macrocycles Thomas J.J. Müller Palladium-Copper Catalyzed Alkyne Activation as an Entry to Multicomponent Syntheses of Heterocycles Rachel Scheffelaar Eelco Ruijter Romano V.A. Orru Multicomponent Reaction Design Strategies: Towards Scaffold and Stereochemical Diversity Nicola Kielland Rodolfo Lavilla Recent Developments in Reissert-Type Multicomponent Reactions Jitender B. Bariwal Jalpa C. Trivedi Erik V. Van der Eycken Microwave Irradiation and Multicomponent Reactions Irini Akritopoulou-Zanze Stevan W. Djuric Applications of MCR-Derived Heterocycles in Drug Discovery
Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Mechanisms, Kinetics and Materials Properties (Springer Series in Materials Science #307)
by S. Noor MohammadThis book deals with the synthesis of nanomaterials with a strong focus on the underlying reaction kinetics and various synthesis mechanisms. It gives a detailed description of all major synthesis routes of many types of novel nanomaterials including nanowires, carbon nanotubes, semiconductor nanotubes, carbon nanobelts, nanofibers, nanorings, nanodots and quantum dots. In addition, it articulates the fundamental mechanisms of nanomaterials synthesis via vapor-phase, liquid-phase and solid-phase processes, highlighting the various strengths and weaknesses of each mechanism. This monograph provides the reader with a thorough review of the known state-of-the-art, along with a detailed comparison and analysis of all possible nanomaterials synthesis mechanisms. An important element of the book is how to obtain critical knowledge for controlling the morphology of nanomaterials and thereby fine tune their materials properties. The book is an ideal guide for graduate students and researchers new to the field seeking to establish or enhance their understanding of the physical and chemical fundamentals of nanomaterials synthesis mechanisms.
The Synthesis of Three Dimensional Haptic Textures: Geometry, Control, and Psychophysics
by Gianni CampionThe sense of touch is fundamental during the interaction between humans and their environment; in virtual reality, objects are created by computer simulations and they can be experienced through haptic devices. In this context haptic textures are fundamental for a realistic haptic perception of virtual objects.This book formalizes the specific artefacts corrupting the rendering of virtual haptic textures and offers a set of simple conditions to guide haptic researchers towards artefact-free textures. The conditions identified are also extremely valuable when designing psychophysical experiments and when analyzing the significance of the data collected. The Synthesis of Three Dimensional Haptic Textures, Geometry, Control, and Psychophysics examines the problem of rendering virtual haptic textures with force feedback devices. The author provides an introduction to the topic of haptic textures that covers the basics of the physiology of the skin, the psychophysics of roughness perception, and the engineering challenges behind haptic textures rendering. The book continues with the presentation of a novel mathematical framework that characterizes haptic devices, texturing algorithms and their ability to generate realistic haptic textures. Finally, two psychophysical experiments link the perception of roughness with the parameters of the haptic rendering algorithms. This book formalizes the specific artefacts corrupting the rendering of virtual haptic textures and offers a set of simple conditions to guide haptic researchers towards artefact-free textures. The conditions identified are also extremely valuable when designing psychophysical experiments and when analyzing the significance of the data collected.
Synthesis Techniques for Polymer Nanocomposites
by Vikas MittalSummarizing all the most important synthesis techniques used in the lab as well as in industry, this book is comprehensive in its coverage from chemical, physical and mechanical viewpoints.In a self-contained manner, the text guides readers in choosing the correct synthesis routes, such as suspension and miniemulsion polymerization, living polymerization, sonication, mechanical methods or the use of radiation, and so achieve the desired composite properties.
Synthesized Transmission Lines: Design, Circuit Implementation, and Phased Array Applications
by Chao-Wei Wang Chi-Hui Lai Tzyh-Ghuang Ma Ying-Cheng TsengAn original advanced level reference appealing to both the microwave and antenna communities * An overview of the research activity devoted to the synthesis of transmission lines by means of electrically small planar elements, highlighting the main microwave applications and the potential for circuit miniaturization* Showcases the research of top experts in the field* Presents innovative topics on synthesized transmission lines, which represent fundamental elements in microwave and mm-wave integrated circuits, including on-chip integration* Covers topics that are related to the microwave community (transmission lines), and topics that are related to the antenna community (phased arrays), broadening the readership appeal
Synthesizers and Subtractive Synthesis 1: Theory and Overview
by Jean-Michel RéveillacSubtractive sound synthesis has been one of the most widely used techniques in electronic music and for many analog synthesizers since the early 1960s. It is based on a simple principle, but its operation remains complex, involving many parameters. It can be enriched by a variety of effects that give the sound its authenticity. It does not just imitate musical instruments, but can also transcribe noises present in natural soundscapes, or generate entirely synthetic sounds. Synthesizers and Subtractive Synthesis 1 presents the theoretical basis of a sound phenomenon, the different types of synthesis, the components that are required and present in synthesizers, the working environment specific to the study of subtractive synthesis, and the hardware and software available. After reading the various chapters of this book, readers will have a clear vision of the tools and actions required to grasp the world of subtractive sound.