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Urban Health and Wellbeing: Indian Case Studies (Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences)
by R.B. Singh Aakriti GroverThis book focuses on interdisciplinary issues of human health in the changing urban environments of India’s largest megacities—Delhi and Mumbai. The authors explore human health concerns related to increased temperatures and air pollution in these cities in a study based on primary data collected through interviews, as well as secondary data on causes of mortality from 2001 to 2012. During this period, the surface temperatures for both megacities were mapped using Landsat Images.The rapidly increasing populations of cities and urban centers alter ecosystem services such as water, air and land cover, with disastrous impacts on health and wellbeing, particularly in megacities. In 2015, polluted air was estimated to have been responsible for 6.4 million deaths worldwide, and it is projected that it will cause between 6 and 9 million deaths per year by 2060. In 2017, outdoor air pollution resulted in 1.2 million deaths in India and brought about a 3% loss in GDP. The increase in population, vehicles, and industries has led to changes in land use and land cover and a rise in city temperatures and air pollution, creating urban heat islands (UHIs). Together, UHIs and air pollution have damaging impacts on human health that range from stress and headache to asthma, bronchitis, and chronic diseases, and even to death.Delhi has been experiencing emergency conditions in terms of environmental health over the past two years. At the same time, both the Delhi and Mumbai urban agglomerations are growing at a rapid pace, and the United Nations has projected that they will be the second and third most populous cities in the world by 2025. In this context, the book offers significant insights into the past patterns and responses to the present global urban health emergencies, and explores sustainable means of combating the problem to enable college and university researchers to develop innovative solutions. Further. It presents trans-disciplinary research that cuts across the WHO Action Plan, the Sustainable Development Goals, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and Habitat III to help policymakers gain a better understanding of the global challenges of urban health and wellbeing. The book is especially useful for students and researchers in geography, urban demography, urban studies, environmental studies, health sciences, and policy studies.
Urban Heat Island: Hot and Humid Regions (Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements)
by Ursula Eicker Napoleon Enteria Matteos SantamourisThis book discusses the concepts and technologies associated with the mitigation of urban heat islands (UHIs) that are applicable in hot and humid regions. It presents several city case studies on how UHIs can be reduced in various areas to provide readers, researchers, and policymakers with insights into the concepts and technologies that should be considered when planning and constructing urban centres and buildings. The rapid development of urban areas in hot and humid regions has led to an increase in urban temperatures, a decrease in ventilation in buildings, and a transformation of the once green outdoor environment into areas full of solar-energy-absorbing concrete and asphalt. This situation has increased the discomfort of people living in these areas regardless of whether they occupy concrete structures. This is because indoor and outdoor air quality have both suffered from urbanisation. The development of urban areas has also increased energy consumption so that the occupants of buildings can enjoy indoor thermal comfort and air quality that they need via air conditioning systems. This book offers solutions to the recent increase in the number of heat islands in hot and humid regions.
Urban Heat Stress and Mitigation Solutions: An Engineering Perspective
by Vincenzo CostanzoThis book provides the reader with an understanding of the impact that different morphologies, construction materials and green coverage solutions have on the urban microclimate, thus affecting the comfort conditions of urban inhabitants and the energy needs of buildings in urban areas. The book covers the latest approaches to energy and outdoor comfort measurement and modelling on an urban scale, and describes possible measures and strategies to mitigate the effects of the mutual interaction between urban settlements and local microclimate. Despite its relevance, only limited literature is currently devoted to appraising—from an engineering perspective—the intertwining relationships between urban geometry and fabrics, energy fluxes between buildings and their surroundings, outdoor microclimate conditions and building energy demands in urban areas. This book fills this gap by first discussing the physical processes that govern heat and mass transfer at an urban scale, while emphasizing the role played by different spatial arrangements, manmade materials and green infrastructures on the outdoor microclimate. The first chapters also address the implications of these factors on the outdoor comfort conditions experienced by pedestrians, and on the buildings’ energy demand for space heating and cooling. Then, based upon cutting-edge experimental activities and simulation work, this book demonstrates current and forthcoming adaptation and mitigation strategies to improve the urban microclimate and its impact on the built environment, such as cool materials, thermochromic and retroreflective finishing materials, and green infrastructures applied either at a building scale or at the urban scale. The effect of these solutions is demonstrated for different cities worldwide under a range of climate conditions. Finally, the book opens a wider perspective by introducing the basic elements that allow fuel poverty, raw materials consumption, and the principles of circular economy in the definition of a resilient urban settlement.
Urban High-Resolution Remote Sensing: Algorithms and Modeling
by Guoqing ZhouWith urbanization as a global phenomenon, there is a need for data and information about these terrains. Urban remote sensing techniques provide critical physical input and intelligence for preparing base maps, formulating planning proposals, and monitoring implementations. Likewise these methodologies help with understanding the biophysical properties, patterns, and process of urban landscapes, as well as mapping and monitoring urban land cover and spatial extent. Advanced sensor technologies and image processing methodologies such as deep learning, data mining, etc., facilitate the wide applications of remote sensing technology in urban areas. This book presents advanced image processing methods and algorithms focused on three very important roots of urban remote sensing: 3D urban modelling using different remotely sensed data, urban orthophotomap generation, and urban feature extraction, which are also today’s real challenges in high resolution remote sensing. Data generated by remote sensing, with its repetitive and synoptic viewing and multispectral capabilities, constitutes a powerful tool for mapping and monitoring emerging changes in the city's urban core, as well as in peripheral areas. Features: Provides advances in emerging methods and algorithms in image processing and technology Uses algorithms and methodologies for handling high-resolution imagery from a ground sampling distance (GSD) less than 1.0 meter Focuses on 3D urban modelling, orthorectification methodologies, and urban feature extraction algorithms from high-resolution remotely sensed imagery Demonstrates how to apply up-to-date techniques to the problems identified and how to analyze research results Presents methods and algorithms for monitoring, analyzing, and modeling urban growth, urban planning, and socio-economic developments In this book, readers are provided with valuable research studies and applications-oriented chapters in areas such as urban trees, soil moisture mapping, city transportation, urban remote sensing big data, etc.
Urban Horticulture
by Tina Marie Waliczek Jayne M. ZajicekIn the wake of urbanization and technological advances, public green spaces within cities are disappearing and people are spending more time with electronic devices than with nature. Urban Horticulture explores the importance of horticulture to the lives, health, and well-being of urban populations. It includes contributions from experts in researc
Urban Horticulture: Sustainability For The Future (Sustainable Development and Biodiversity #18)
by Dilip NandwaniThis book provides comprehensive information on the rapidly developing field of urban horticulture for sustainable use of land resources and creating a better environment. It presents peer-reviewed chapters from leading international researchers in the field of horticulture technologies, environmental issues, urban horticulture, and landscaping and its role in society. It covers a wide array of topics on this subject and constitutes a valuable reference guide for students, professors, researchers, builders, and agriculturists concerned with urban horticulture, city planning, biodiversity, and the sustainable development of horticultural resources. Urban horticultural technologies facilitate the efficient use of available land in urban and residential areas, helping meet the demand for fresh fruits and vegetables to feed ever-growing urban populations. The amount of green space in urban areas is dwindling due to rising land prices, while the climbing numbers of multi-story buildings are producing various environmental and health issues. Technological advances provide tools and techniques for high-density and vertical cropping in small areas, promoting efficient and sustainable resource utilization. As such, urban horticulture is gaining importance in city planning – not only to bolster the food supply but also to improve the aesthetic value, environmental conditions, landscape, and business environment, while also reducing the consumption of fossil fuel in transportation.
Urban Informatics Using Mobile Network Data: Travel Behavior Research Perspectives
by Santi PhithakkitnukoonThis book discusses the role of mobile network data in urban informatics, particularly how mobile network data is utilized in the mobility context, where approaches, models, and systems are developed for understanding travel behavior. The objectives of this book are thus to evaluate the extent to which mobile network data reflects travel behavior and to develop guidelines on how to best use such data to understand and model travel behavior. To achieve these objectives, the book attempts to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this data source for urban informatics and its applicability to the development and implementation of travel behavior models through a series of the authors’ research studies.Traditionally, survey-based information is used as an input for travel demand models that predict future travel behavior and transportation needs. A survey-based approach is however costly and time-consuming, and hence its information can be dated and limited to a particular region. Mobile network data thus emerges as a promising alternative data source that is massive in both cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives, and one that provides both broader geographic coverage of travelers and longer-term travel behavior observation. The two most common types of travel demand model that have played an essential role in managing and planning for transportation systems are four-step models and activity-based models. The book’s chapters are structured on the basis of these travel demand models in order to provide researchers and practitioners with an understanding of urban informatics and the important role that mobile network data plays in advancing the state of the art from the perspectives of travel behavior research.
Urban Infrastructure in Zimbabwe: Departures, Divergences and Convergences (The Urban Book Series)
by Innocent Chirisa Abraham R. MatamandaThe book provides insights into urban infrastructure debates and discourses in Zimbabwe. Through an inter-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary approach, the book explores the theoretical, conceptual and lived experiences in urban infrastructure. The book focuses on case studies relating to urban transport, public housing, water and sanitation and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) among other substantive issues relating to urban infrastructure and services.
Urban Infrastructure: Finance and Management
by Marcus Spiller K. WellmanThe magnitude of investment, the long time-frames involved and the influence of pre-existing infrastructure on urban infrastructure provision make a co-ordinated approach to forward-planning, policy development and implementation essential. There are major challenges in making decisions on urban infrastructure and getting management structures and processes in place. Getting it right generates long-term dividends; getting it wrong involves major costs, often borne by taxpayers. Urban Infrastructure: finance and management is posited on a strong belief that the physical structure of cities and the efficiency of infrastructure services delivered are driven by efficiencies within individual infrastructure sectors, lessons learnt across these sectors and the ability to co-ordinate and integrate sectors to generate economies of scale. This necessitates an interdisciplinary approach, integrating knowledge from finance, governance, planning and management as well as the characteristics of the individual urban infrastructure sectors involved. Here it is not only about getting the initial decisions and policy settings right, but also ensuring effective implementation. A major theme running through the book is the nature of institutions and the governance structures responsible for delivery and management of urban infrastructure and the decision making processes involved. The editors have taken a deliberately pragmatic approach to the finance and management of urban infrastructure; chapters are cross-sectorial and present both theory and practice. This book is for students and practitioners in policy, planning, urban management, infrastructure finance and management.
Urban Infrastructuring: Reconfigurations, Transformations and Sustainability in the Global South (Sustainable Development Goals Series)
by Alexandros Gasparatos Deljana Iossifova Stylianos Zavos Yahya Gamal Yin LongThis book is about urban infrastructuring as the processes linking infrastructural configurations and their components with other social, ecological, political, or otherwise defined systems as part of urbanisation and globalisation in the Global South. It suggests that infrastructuring is essential to urbanisation and that it is entangled with socio-spatio-ecological transformations that often have negative outcomes over time. Furthermore, it argues that infrastructuring requires an ethical positioning in research and practice in order to enhance infrastructural sustainability in the face of intersecting environmental, social and economic crises. “Urban Infrastructuring” is developed in three parts. First, it identifies infrastructural entanglements across various urban and urbanising settings in the Global South. Second, it highlights some of the damaging processes and outcomes of urban infrastructuring and argues that the absence, presence and transformation of infrastructure in the Global South (re-)produces socioecological injustice in the short- and long term. Third, the book argues for a shift of infrastructuring agendas towards more just and sustainable interventions. It suggests that an ethico-politics of care should be embedded in systems approaches to infrastructuring in both research and practice. The edited volume contains contributions from authors with backgrounds in a variety of academic disciplines from the natural and social sciences, engineering and the humanities. It provides valuable insights for anyone concerned with the study, design, planning, implementation and maintenance of urban infrastructures to enhance human well-being and sustainability. It will be of interest to researchers and urban decision-makers alike.
Urban Insect Pests: Sustainable Management Strategies
by Chow Lee Changlu Wang Zia Siddiqi Partho Dhang Michael Rust David Liszka Julian Entwestle Rajeev Vaidyanathan John Cooksey Gregory Baumann Frantisek Rettich Eli Shaava Ed VargoA companion to 'Urban Pest Management', this book builds on the issues of insect pests in urban settings to discuss control strategies that look beyond products. From an environmental and health perspective, it is not always practical to spray chemicals indoors or in urban settings, so this work discusses sustainable control and best practice methods for managing insects that are vectors of disease, nuisance pests and the cause of structural damage.
Urban Insect Pests: Sustainable Management Strategies
by Chow Lee Changlu Wang Zia Siddiqi Michael Rust David Liszka Julian Entwestle Rajeev Vaidyanathan John Cooksey Gregory Baumann Frantisek Rettich Eli Shaava Ed VargoA companion to 'Urban Pest Management', this book builds on the issues of insect pests in urban settings to discuss control strategies that look beyond products. From an environmental and health perspective, it is not always practical to spray chemicals indoors or in urban settings, so this work discusses sustainable control and best practice methods for managing insects that are vectors of disease, nuisance pests and the cause of structural damage.
Urban Land Use: Community-Based Planning
by Kimberly EtingoffThis compendium volume, Urban Land Use: Community-Based Planning, covers a range of land use planning and community engagement issues. Part I explores the connections between land use decisions and consequences for urban residents, particularly in the areas of health and health equity. The chapters in Part II provide a closer look at community land use planning practice in several case studies. Part III offers several practical and innovative tools for integrating community decisions into land use planning.
Urban Metabolism: Theory, Methods and Applications
by Yan ZhangThis book provides the basic theory, method framework and application results of urban metabolism. Urban metabolism is an important research philosophy and approach for analyzing urban mega organism and its ecological environmental problems. It has constantly formed quantitative network research framework and analysis methods in a metaphor way and expanded its application in different scales such as global, national, urban agglomeration and city to support the process of multi-scale regional sustainable development.
Urban Microclimate Modelling for Comfort and Energy Studies
by Massimo Palme Agnese SalvatiThis book discusses urban microclimate and heat-related risks in urban areas, brought on by the combination of global climate change effects and local modification of climate determined by extensive urbanization such as the ‘Urban heat island’ phenomenon. This matter is relevant to almost all urbanized areas in the world, where the increase of urban population and air temperature is expected to endanger both the overall health of the population and the energy supply for the functioning of urban systems. The book details the inter-relationship between urban morphology, microclimate and building energy performance and presents a multidisciplinary approach that brings together Urban Climatology, Engineering and Architectural knowledge to support the development of reliable models and tools for research and practice. This book is a useful tool for architects and building energy modelers, urban planners and geographers who need a practical guide to realize basic urban microclimate simulation for use in both academic research and planning practice.
Urban Mining for Waste Management and Resource Recovery: Sustainable Approaches
by Pankaj Pathak Prangya Ranjan RoutScientific management strategies can help in exploring anthropogenic wastes (human-made materials) as potential resources through the urban mining concept and be a panacea for sustainable development. This book covers five broader aspects of waste management and resource recovery in urban mining including solid and liquid waste management and treatment. It explains sustainable approaches of urban mining for the effective management of solid and liquid wastes and facilitates their conversion into secondary resources. Overall, this book provides details of urban mining and its different applications including current waste management problems, practices, and challenges faced worldwide. Presents a holistic approach for urban mining considering various types of wastes Describes contemporary integrated approaches for waste management with specific case studies Provides technical, social, and environmental aspects of solid and liquid wastes Considers aspects of sustainability and a circular bio-economy Incorporates pertinent case studies on water and wastewater management This volume caters to researchers and graduate students in environmental engineering, solid waste management, wastewater treatment, and materials science.
Urban Mobility Research in India: Select Proceedings of UMI Research Symposium 2023 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering #551)
by M. Manoj Debashish RoyThis book presents select proceedings of the research symposium held as part of the 16th Urban Mobility India Conference and Expo 2023 (UMI 2023). The book examines the broad perspectives of integrated and resilient transport applicable to urban transportation. It essentially provides an update of the ongoing research in urban transport-related themes such as transport resilience, sustainable transport, public transport and vulnerable road users, land use and urban transport, freight, and emerging mobility options. The book is a valuable reference for students, researchers, and professionals who study the broad areas of urban transport in India. It is also helpful to urban and transport planners and managers, traffic analysts, consultants, transportation advisors, and experts in planning, developing, operating, managing, and executing the transportation projects.
Urban Mobility Research in India: UMI Research Symposium 2022 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering #361)
by Ashish Verma M. L. ChotaniThis book presents selected papers from 13th Research Symposium of 15th Urban Mobility India Conference & Expo 2022. It focuses on sustainable Atmanirbhar urban mobility with an interdisciplinary approach spanning the fields of economics, planning, management, and engineering. It covers a wide variety of topics like smart city and smart mobility, sustainable transportation planning and policy, public transport and non-motorized transport (NMT), road safety for vulnerable road users (VRUs), and urban transport infrastructure design for all, sustainable mobility and land use (LU), sustainable urban freight, electric urban mobility, and urban transport governance. This book is of interest to the graduates, postgraduates, and Ph.D. students to advance their research in the field of transportation systems engineering. This book is also helpful to urban and transport planners and managers, traffic analysts, consultants, transportation advisors, and experts in planning, developing, operating, managing, and executing the transportation projects.
Urban Modernity: Cultural Innovation in the Second Industrial Revolution (The\mit Press Ser.)
by Morris Low Miriam R. Levin Sophie Forgan Martina Hessler Robert H. KargonHow Paris, London, Chicago, Berlin, and Tokyo created modernity through science and technology by means of urban planning, international expositions, and museums.At the close of the nineteenth century, industrialization and urbanization marked the end of the traditional understanding of society as rooted in agriculture. Urban Modernity examines the construction of an urban-centered, industrial-based culture—an entirely new social reality based on science and technology. The authors show that this invention of modernity was brought about through the efforts of urban elites—businessmen, industrialists, and officials—to establish new science- and technology-related institutions. International expositions, museums, and other such institutions and projects helped stem the economic and social instability fueled by industrialization, projecting the past and the future as part of a steady continuum of scientific and technical progress. The authors examine the dynamic connecting urban planning, museums, educational institutions, and expositions in Paris, London, Chicago, Berlin, and Tokyo from 1870 to 1930. In Third Republic Paris, politicians, administrators, social scientists, architects, and engineers implemented the future city through a series of commissions, agencies, and organizations; in rapidly expanding London, cultures of science and technology were both rooted in and constitutive of urban culture; in Chicago after the Great Fire, Commercial Club members pursued civic ideals through scientific and technological change; in Berlin, industry, scientific institutes, and the popularization of science helped create a modern metropolis; and in Meiji-era Tokyo (Edo), modernization and Westernization went hand in hand.
Urban Pest Control: A Practitioner Guide
by Partho DhangThis guide brings together the varied and multiple skills and activities required of pest control practitioners, including biology, chemistry, architecture, engineering, sales, logistics, legal and accounting, presented with a primary emphasis on pest organisms at its core. This book provides information and tips on all of these aspects and explores the business of controlling pests (including trends in the industry, pest control tools, and sustainable pest control); covers biological information on each pest in addition to information on control and management, monitoring and follow-up; focuses particularly on globally significant pests with internationally-applicable use and guidance; and provides practical and hands-on experience, drawing on original case studies. This is a key resource for pest control practitioners, as well as in-house staff of companies or buildings involved in household or urban pest control. It is also a valuable reference for researchers, and sanitation and building managers.
Urban Pest Control: A Practitioner's Guide
by Partho DhangThis guide brings together the varied and multiple skills and activities required of pest control practitioners, including biology, chemistry, architecture, engineering, sales, logistics, legal and accounting, presented with a primary emphasis on pest organisms at its core. This book provides information and tips on all of these aspects and: explores the business of controlling pests (including trends in the industry, pest control tools, and sustainable pest control); covers biological information on each pest in addition to information on control and management, monitoring and follow-up; focusses particularly on globally significant pests with internationally-applicable use and guidance; and provides practical and hands-on experience, drawing on original case studies This is a key resource for pest control practitioners, as well as in-house staff of companies or buildings involved in household or urban pest control. It is also a valuable reference for researchers, and sanitation and building managers.
Urban Pest Management: An Environmental Perspective
by Edited by Partho DhangThe management and control of pests in the urban environment in the 21st Century faces many challenges. Pest populations adapt to changing conditions brought about by environmental changes caused by global warming, human population growth, and increased pollution. Urban pests are able to expand their ranges, densities, and habitats, sometimes causing large-scale damage and disease. This book provides collective insights from academic and industry experts on perspectives concerning urban pest management and regulatory innovations arising from the rapid onset of recent environmental challenges. Chapter topics address pest biology, advances in urban pest management practices, emerging urban pest control developments, new technologies, and regulations. The book describes new methods of pest control, their impacts on human health and the environment, and strategies for integrated management limiting the use of chemicals. It provides a practical resource for researchers and policy makers in pest management, urban health, medical entomology and environmental science. This title provides: An up-to-date and comprehensive resource on environmental urban pest management. A resource designed to appeal to pest control operators, public health professionals, and a range of field workers, as well as researching academics and graduate students. Insights from both academic and industry experts together in one volume.
Urban Planning and Design for Megacities in the Global South: Smart and Sustainable Development (Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements)
by Bharat Dahiya Lakshmi Priya Rajendran Uday Chatterjee Mohammed Firoz C Lalit Kumar DashoraThis anthology, Urban Planning and Design for Megacities in the Global South: Smart and Sustainable Development, sheds light on the intricate dynamics of megacity growth in the Global South. It has compiled a rich and diverse array of evidence-based case studies, fostering discussions on emerging issues, strategies, and solutions for the enhanced planning and development of megacities in the Global South. By delving into the underlying factors propelling this rapid urban expansion, such as economic opportunities, rural-to-urban migration, and natural population growth, this volume analyzes the complex interplay of socio-economic, environmental, and political forces shaping city-regional landscapes. Examining the growth of megacities offers invaluable insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with urbanization in the 21st century. Furthermore, some cities that have not yet achieved megacity status have also been included in this book to provide a comprehensive understanding of urban growth dynamics and the related factors influencing this growth. By studying these rapidly expanding cities, their challenges in urban planning and policy implementation can be identified. These challenges often include inadequate infrastructure, insufficient public services, environmental degradation, and socio-economic disparities. In response, using case studies, the book presents conceptual and empirical strategies to tackle the various problems faced by megacities of the Global South.
Urban Planning and Water-related Disaster Management (Strategies for Sustainability)
by Zhenjiang Shen Guangwei HuangUrban areas face daunting environmental, economic and social challenges that have increased in scope in recent years, especially given climate change and globalization. At the same time, cities provide exciting opportunities for growth and revitalization of local and national economies. The interplay of these challenges and opportunities create important tasks for policymakers and researchers. This book provides a new horizon for exploring solutions to urban problems, especially water-related disasters in urban areas. It is of a cross-disciplinary nature offering both new concepts and practices that will help to promote communication between urban planning communities and water management professionals in order to integrate water-related disaster management into spatial planning.
Urban Public Transport Systems Innovation in the Fourth Industrial Revolution Era: Global South Perspectives, Reflections and Conjectures
by Trynos Gumbo Thembani Moyo Bongumusa Ndwandwe Brightnes Risimati Siphiwe Given MbathaThis book explores the physical and electronic integration of innovative urban public transport systems in seven metropolitan cities in South Africa and Zimbabwe in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0). The book also highlights how collaborative engagement can improve new transport projects in cities of the Global South. It demonstrates how integration concerns remain in transport infrastructure projects in cities of the developing countries. Consequently, in order to strengthen the emerging and promising economies of these cities, there is a need for efficient, integrated, reliable and affordable public transport systems. The book explains that plans to deliver innovative transport systems in the Global South need to be well coordinated and managed to yield physically and electronically integrated systems.