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Big Data in Context: Legal, Social and Technological Insights (SpringerBriefs in Law)
by Thomas Hoeren Barbara Kolany-RaiserThis book is open access under a CC BY 4. 0 license. This book sheds new light on a selection of big data scenarios from an interdisciplinary perspective. It features legal, sociological and economic approaches to fundamental big data topics such as privacy, data quality and the ECJ's Safe Harbor decision on the one hand, and practical applications such as smart cars, wearables and web tracking on the other. Addressing the interests of researchers and practitioners alike, it provides a comprehensive overview of and introduction to the emerging challenges regarding big data. All contributions are based on papers submitted in connection with ABIDA (Assessing Big Data), an interdisciplinary research project exploring the societal aspects of big data and funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. This volume was produced as a part of the ABIDA project (Assessing Big Data, 01IS15016A-F). ABIDA is a four-year collaborative project funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. However the views and opinions expressed in this book reflect only the authors' point of view and not necessarily those of all members of the ABIDA project or the Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
Big Data in Finance: Volume 1 (Studies in Big Data #164)
by Bahaaeddin AlareeniThis book offers a comprehensive exploration of how Big Data analytics is reshaping the financial world, providing crucial insights for industry professionals, scholars, and enthusiasts alike. This book delves into the expansive potential of Big Data in revolutionizing financial decision-making, risk management, and operational efficiency. It explores how advanced analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence are disrupting traditional financial models, empowering institutions with unparalleled insights and a competitive edge. While highlighting technological advancements, the book also addresses the challenges and ethical considerations inherent in data-driven finance. With contributions from leading experts and thought leaders, this book serves as an indispensable resource for anyone eager to understand and harness the transformative power of Big Data in finance. Embark on a journey through the dynamic convergence of finance and technology, and discover how Big Data is shaping the future of the financial landscape, one data point at a time.
Big Data in Information Society and Digital Economy (Studies in Big Data #124)
by Aleksei V. BogovizThis book redefines the essence of the information society and the digital economy, offering a new approach to their management and organization based on big data. The novelty of the new approach is that it ensures the use of the advanced technological capabilities of the Fourth Industrial Revolution to accelerate socio-economic development. The success of the new approach is based on progressive social institutions and advanced big data technology. Theoretical issues, methodological developments, and the author’s applied recommendations are consistently presented in forty chapters distributed in five sections. The book contains cases that reveal the practical experience of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The intended readership of the book is scientists. The book is interesting and useful for them because it presents an innovative model of information society and digital economy development driven by big data.
Big Data in Materials Research and Development: Summary of a Workshop
by Maureen Mellody"Big Data in Materials Research and Development" is the summary of a workshop convened by the National Research Council Standing Committee on Defense Materials Manufacturing and Infrastructure in February 2014 to discuss the impact of big data on materials and manufacturing. The materials science community would benefit from appropriate access to data and metadata for materials development, processing, application development, and application life cycles. Currently, that access does not appear to be sufficiently widespread, and many workshop participants captured the constraints and identified potential improvements to enable broader access to materials and manufacturing data and metadata. This report discusses issues in defense materials, manufacturing and infrastructure, including data ownership and access; collaboration and exploitation of big data's capabilities; and maintenance of data.
Big Data in Medical Image Processing
by R. Suganya S. Rajaram A. Sheik AbdullahThe field of medical imaging seen rapid development over the last two decades and has consequently revolutionized the way in which modern medicine is practiced. Diseases and their symptoms are constantly changing therefore continuous updating is necessary for the data to be relevant. Diseases fall into different categories, even a small difference in symptoms may result in categorising it in a different group altogether. Thus analysing data accurately is of critical importance. This book concentrates on diagnosing diseases like cancer or tumor from different modalities of images. This book is divided into the following domains: Importance of big data in medical imaging, pre-processing, image registration, feature extraction, classification and retrieval. It is further supplemented by the medical analyst for a continuous treatment process. The book provides an automated system that could retrieve images based on user’s interest to a point of providing decision support. It will help medical analysts to take informed decisions before planning treatment and surgery. It will also be useful to researchers who are working in problems involved in medical imaging.
Big Data in Multimodal Medical Imaging
by Ayman El-Baz Jasjit S. SuriThere is an urgent need to develop and integrate new statistical, mathematical, visualization, and computational models with the ability to analyze Big Data in order to retrieve useful information to aid clinicians in accurately diagnosing and treating patients. The main focus of this book is to review and summarize state-of-the-art big data and deep learning approaches to analyze and integrate multiple data types for the creation of a decision matrix to aid clinicians in the early diagnosis and identification of high risk patients for human diseases and disorders. Leading researchers will contribute original research book chapters analyzing efforts to solve these important problems.
Big Data in Radiation Oncology (Imaging in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy)
by Jun Deng and Lei XingBig Data in Radiation Oncology gives readers an in-depth look into how big data is having an impact on the clinical care of cancer patients. While basic principles and key analytical and processing techniques are introduced in the early chapters, the rest of the book turns to clinical applications, in particular for cancer registries, informatics, radiomics, radiogenomics, patient safety and quality of care, patient-reported outcomes, comparative effectiveness, treatment planning, and clinical decision-making. More features of the book are: Offers the first focused treatment of the role of big data in the clinic and its impact on radiation therapy. Covers applications in cancer registry, radiomics, patient safety, quality of care, treatment planning, decision making, and other key areas. Discusses the fundamental principles and techniques for processing and analysis of big data. Address the use of big data in cancer prevention, detection, prognosis, and management. Provides practical guidance on implementation for clinicians and other stakeholders. Dr. Jun Deng is a professor at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology of Yale University School of Medicine and an ABR board certified medical physicist at Yale-New Haven Hospital. He has received numerous honors and awards such as Fellow of Institute of Physics in 2004, AAPM Medical Physics Travel Grant in 2008, ASTRO IGRT Symposium Travel Grant in 2009, AAPM-IPEM Medical Physics Travel Grant in 2011, and Fellow of AAPM in 2013. Lei Xing, Ph.D., is the Jacob Haimson Professor of Medical Physics and Director of Medical Physics Division of Radiation Oncology Department at Stanford University. His research has been focused on inverse treatment planning, tomographic image reconstruction, CT, optical and PET imaging instrumentations, image guided interventions, nanomedicine, and applications of molecular imaging in radiation oncology. Dr. Xing is on the editorial boards of a number of journals in radiation physics and medical imaging, and is recipient of numerous awards, including the American Cancer Society Research Scholar Award, The Whitaker Foundation Grant Award, and a Max Planck Institute Fellowship.
Big Data in the GovTech System (Studies in Big Data #110)
by Victoria N. Ostrovskaya Aleksei V. BogovizThis book presents applications and solutions of Big Data in the GovTech system and recommendations for regulating the institutions of the digital economy and information society for the wide application of Big Data with the use of the institutional approach. In this book, a systematic scientific understanding of GovTech is formed, the central place of Big Data in this system is substantiated, and modern experience in the functioning and development of this system is considered in detail. The contribution of the book to the literature is to bridge the gap between theory and practice of GovTech through a comprehensive study of all its manifestations in the three parts of the book. The first part is devoted to GovTech in the provision of high-tech educational services based on Big Data. The second part reflects state regulation of the economy by industry using Big Data in the GovTech. The third part outlined the digital divide and the experience of overcoming it with the help of GovTech based on Big Data.The practical significance of the book lies in the fact that it offers a holistic practical guide to the development of the GovTech system based on Big Data. The book will be of interest to academic scientists studying GovTech, as it clarified its categorical apparatus and scientific basis. The subjects of management in GovTech form the secondary target audience of this book, which provides them with numerous cases from the experience of modern Russia, as well as applied recommendations for improving the efficiency of the GovTech system based on Big Data. The book is multidisciplinary and is intended for scientists from various fields of science (pedagogy, economics, business, law, management, and ICT).
Big Data Intelligence for Smart Applications (Studies in Computational Intelligence #994)
by Yassine Maleh Mamoun Alazab Youssef Baddi Loai Tawalbeh Youssef GahiToday, the use of machine intelligence, expert systems, and analytical technologies combined with Big Data is the natural evolution of both disciplines. As a result, there is a pressing need for new and innovative algorithms to help us find effective and practical solutions for smart applications such as smart cities, IoT, healthcare, and cybersecurity.This book presents the latest advances in big data intelligence for smart applications. It explores several problems and their solutions regarding computational intelligence and big data for smart applications. It also discusses new models, practical solutions,and technological advances related to developing and transforming cities through machine intelligence and big data models and techniques. This book is helpful for students and researchers as well as practitioners.
Big Data Management and Analysis for Cyber Physical Systems: Selected Papers of BDET 2022 (Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies #150)
by Loon Ching Tang Hongzhi WangThis book consists of selected and peer-reviewed papers presented at 2022 4th International Conference on Big Data Engineering and Technology (BDET), held during April 22–24, 2022, in Singapore. As IT infrastructure and data management technologies have become critical assets and capabilities for today’s enterprises, this book aims to be part of the effort in contributing to their development. In particular, the BDET conference series aims to provide the much needed forum for researchers and practitioners across the world who are actively engaged in advancing research and raising awareness of the many challenges in the diverse field of big data engineering and technology to share their research outcomes and bounce ideas off their international colleagues. Over the last few years, the conference series has brought together the latest developments of novel theory in big data, algorithm and applications, emerging standards for big data, big data infrastructure, MapReduce and cloud computing, big data visualization, big data curation and management, big data semantics, scientific discovery and intelligence, which collectively form parts of the cyber-physical systems of interest. It is hoped that the book will prove useful to students, researchers, and professionals working in the field of big data engineering and applications in cyber-physical systems.
Big data management in Sensing: Applications in AI and IoT
by Renny Fernandez Terrance Frederick FernandezThe book is centrally focused on human computer Interaction and how sensors within small and wide groups of Nano-robots employ Deep Learning for applications in industry. It covers a wide array of topics that are useful for researchers and students to gain knowledge about AI and sensors in nanobots. Furthermore, the book explores Deep Learning approaches to enhance the accuracy of AI systems applied in medical robotics for surgical techniques. Secondly, we plan to explore bio-nano-robotics, which is a field in nano-robotics, that deals with automatic intelligence handling, self-assembly and replication, information processing and programmability.
Big Data, Open Data and Data Development
by Jean-Louis Monino Soraya SedkaouiThe world has become digital and technological advances have multiplied circuits with access to data, their processing and their diffusion. New technologies have now reached a certain maturity. Data are available to everyone, anywhere on the planet. The number of Internet users in 2014 was 2.9 billion or 41% of the world population. The need for knowledge is becoming apparent in order to understand this multitude of data. We must educate, inform and train the masses. The development of related technologies, such as the advent of the Internet, social networks, "cloud-computing" (digital factories), has increased the available volumes of data. Currently, each individual creates, consumes, uses digital information: more than 3.4 million e-mails are sent worldwide every second, or 107,000 billion annually with 14,600 e-mails per year per person, but more than 70% are spam. Billions of pieces of content are shared on social networks such as Facebook, more than 2.46 million every minute. We spend more than 4.8 hours a day on the Internet using a computer, and 2.1 hours using a mobile. Data, this new ethereal manna from heaven, is produced in real time. It comes in a continuous stream from a multitude of sources which are generally heterogeneous. This accumulation of data of all types (audio, video, files, photos, etc.) generates new activities, the aim of which is to analyze this enormous mass of information. It is then necessary to adapt and try new approaches, new methods, new knowledge and new ways of working, resulting in new properties and new challenges since SEO logic must be created and implemented. At company level, this mass of data is difficult to manage. Its interpretation is primarily a challenge. This impacts those who are there to "manipulate" the mass and requires a specific infrastructure for creation, storage, processing, analysis and recovery. The biggest challenge lies in "the valuing of data" available in quantity, diversity and access speed.
Big Data Privacy and Security in Smart Cities (Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications)
by Richard Jiang Ahmed Bouridane Chang-Tsun Li Danny Crookes Said Boussakta Feng Hao Eran A. EdirisingheThis book highlights recent advances in smart cities technologies, with a focus on new technologies such as biometrics, blockchains, data encryption, data mining, machine learning, deep learning, cloud security, and mobile security. During the past five years, digital cities have been emerging as a technology reality that will come to dominate the usual life of people, in either developed or developing countries. Particularly, with big data issues from smart cities, privacy and security have been a widely concerned matter due to its relevance and sensitivity extensively present in cybersecurity, healthcare, medical service, e-commercial, e-governance, mobile banking, e-finance, digital twins, and so on. These new topics rises up with the era of smart cities and mostly associate with public sectors, which are vital to the modern life of people. This volume summarizes the recent advances in addressing the challenges on big data privacy and security in smart cities and points out the future research direction around this new challenging topic.
Big Data Revolution
by Rob Thomas Patrick McsharryExploit the power and potential of Big Data to revolutionize business outcomesBig Data Revolution is a guide to improving performance, making better decisions, and transforming business through the effective use of Big Data. In this collaborative work by an IBM Vice President of Big Data Products and an Oxford Research Fellow, this book presents inside stories that demonstrate the power and potential of Big Data within the business realm. Readers are guided through tried-and-true methodologies for getting more out of data, and using it to the utmost advantage. This book describes the major trends emerging in the field, the pitfalls and triumphs being experienced, and the many considerations surrounding Big Data, all while guiding readers toward better decision making from the perspective of a data scientist.Companies are generating data faster than ever before, and managing that data has become a major challenge. With the right strategy, Big Data can be a powerful tool for creating effective business solutions - but deep understanding is key when applying it to individual business needs. Big Data Revolution provides the insight executives need to incorporate Big Data into a better business strategy, improving outcomes with innovation and efficient use of technology.Examine the major emerging patterns in Big DataConsider the debate surrounding the ethical use of dataRecognize patterns and improve personal and organizational performanceMake more informed decisions with quantifiable resultsIn an information society, it is becoming increasingly important to make sense of data in an economically viable way. It can drive new revenue streams and give companies a competitive advantage, providing a way forward for businesses navigating an increasingly complex marketplace. Big Data Revolution provides expert insight on the tool that can revolutionize industries.
Big Data Science and Analytics for Smart Sustainable Urbanism: Unprecedented Paradigmatic Shifts and Practical Advancements (Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation)
by Simon Elias BibriWe are living at the dawn of what has been termed ‘the fourth paradigm of science,’ a scientific revolution that is marked by both the emergence of big data science and analytics, and by the increasing adoption of the underlying technologies in scientific and scholarly research practices. Everything about science development or knowledge production is fundamentally changing thanks to the ever-increasing deluge of data. This is the primary fuel of the new age, which powerful computational processes or analytics algorithms are using to generate valuable knowledge for enhanced decision-making, and deep insights pertaining to a wide variety of practical uses and applications. This book addresses the complex interplay of the scientific, technological, and social dimensions of the city, and what it entails in terms of the systemic implications for smart sustainable urbanism. In concrete terms, it explores the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary field of smart sustainable urbanism and the unprecedented paradigmatic shifts and practical advances it is undergoing in light of big data science and analytics. This new era of science and technology embodies an unprecedentedly transformative and constitutive power—manifested not only in the form of revolutionizing science and transforming knowledge, but also in advancing social practices, producing new discourses, catalyzing major shifts, and fostering societal transitions. Of particular relevance, it is instigating a massive change in the way both smart cities and sustainable cities are studied and understood, and in how they are planned, designed, operated, managed, and governed in the face of urbanization. This relates to what has been dubbed data-driven smart sustainable urbanism, an emerging approach based on a computational understanding of city systems and processes that reduces urban life to logical and algorithmic rules and procedures, while also harnessing urban big data to provide a more holistic and integrated view or synoptic intelligence of the city. This is increasingly being directed towards improving, advancing, and maintaining the contribution of both sustainable cities and smart cities to the goals of sustainable development. This timely and multifaceted book is aimed at a broad readership. As such, it will appeal to urban scientists, data scientists, urbanists, planners, engineers, designers, policymakers, philosophers of science, and futurists, as well as all readers interested in an overview of the pivotal role of big data science and analytics in advancing every academic discipline and social practice concerned with data–intensive science and its application, particularly in relation to sustainability.
Big Data Support of Urban Planning and Management: The Experience in China (Advances in Geographic Information Science)
by Zhenjiang Shen Miaoyi LiIn the era of big data, this book explores the new challenges of urban-rural planning and management from a practical perspective based on a multidisciplinary project. Researchers as contributors to this book have accomplished their projects by using big data and relevant data mining technologies for investigating the possibilities of big data, such as that obtained through cell phones, social network systems and smart cards instead of conventional survey data for urban planning support. This book showcases active researchers who share their experiences and ideas on human mobility, accessibility and recognition of places, connectivity of transportation and urban structure in order to provide effective analytic and forecasting tools for smart city planning and design solutions in China.
Big Digital Forensic Data: Volume 2: Quick Analysis For Evidence And Intelligence (SpringerBriefs On Cyber Security Systems And Networks)
by Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo Darren QuickThis book provides an in-depth understanding of big data challenges to digital forensic investigations, also known as big digital forensic data. It also develops the basis of using data mining in big forensic data analysis, including data reduction, knowledge management, intelligence, and data mining principles to achieve faster analysis in digital forensic investigations. By collecting and assembling a corpus of test data from a range of devices in the real world, it outlines a process of big data reduction, and evidence and intelligence extraction methods. Further, it includes the experimental results on vast volumes of real digital forensic data. The book is a valuable resource for digital forensic practitioners, researchers in big data, cyber threat hunting and intelligence, data mining and other related areas.
Big Digital Forensic Data: Volume 2: Quick Analysis for Evidence and Intelligence (SpringerBriefs on Cyber Security Systems and Networks)
by Darren Quick Kim-Kwang Raymond ChooThis book provides an in-depth understanding of big data challenges to digital forensic investigations, also known as big digital forensic data. It also develops the basis of using data mining in big forensic data analysis, including data reduction, knowledge management, intelligence, and data mining principles to achieve faster analysis in digital forensic investigations. By collecting and assembling a corpus of test data from a range of devices in the real world, it outlines a process of big digital forensic data analysis for evidence and intelligence. It includes the results of experiments on vast volumes of real digital forensic data. The book is a valuable resource for digital forensic practitioners, researchers in big data, cyber threat hunting and intelligence, data mining and other related areas.
Big E, The: Eastern States Exposition (Images of America)
by David CecchiThe Eastern States Agricultural and Industrial Exposition was founded more than a century ago to �promote the agricultural and industrial development of the eastern states.� Held at the fairgrounds in West Springfield, Massachusetts, the inaugural event was the National Dairy Show in 1916, followed by what would become known as �The Big E,� the combined �state fair� of the six New England states: Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Weathering floods, hurricanes, the Great Depression, and two world wars, it is currently one of the largest fairs in North America, with an attendance of over 1.3 million fairgoers in 2015. With photographs spanning the past century from exposition archives, area residents, and his own collection, author David Cecchi presents a fascinating visual history of what he refers to as �the fair.�
Big Engineering Experiments for Little Kids: A First Science Book for Ages 3 to 5 (Big Experiments for Little Kids)
by Dr. Jacie MaslykExciting engineering experiments for kids ages 3 to 5 Kids are curious about how stuff works! They like to ask questions, come up with ideas, and try things out for themselves. Big Engineering Experiments for Little Kids helps activate their imaginations and shows them real engineering in action. When STEAM learning starts early, kids can prepare for scholastic success and a lifelong habit of creative and analytical thinking. Dive into engineering for kids with: 20 kid-friendly experiments—With some basic household items, kids can build a spaghetti bridge, construct a flying paper airplane, and feel how sound travels through their body! Easy instructions—These experiments are simple enough for kids to do with just a little help from a grownup, so they can practice independent learning. Engineering exploration—Each experiment shows off a different facet of engineering for kids, with explanations and thoughtful questions that illustrate how it works. Encourage little ones to explore the workings of the world with a fun book of activities that explore engineering for kids.
The Big Freeze: A Reporter's Personal Journey into the World of Egg Freezing and the Quest to Control Our Fertility
by Natalie LampertA fascinating investigation into the lucrative, minimally regulated, fast-growing industry of egg freezing, from a young reporter on a personal journey into the world of cutting-edge reproductive medicine&“An engaging and groundbreaking book.&”—Toni Weschler, MPH, author of Taking Charge of Your FertilityOvaries. Most women have two; journalist Natalie Lampert has only one. Then, in her early twenties, she almost lost it, along with her ability to ever have biological children. Doctors urged her to freeze her eggs, and Lampert started asking questions. The Big Freeze is the story of Lampert&’s personal quest to investigate egg freezing, as well as the multibillion-dollar femtech industry, in order to decide the best way to preserve her own fertility. She attended flashy egg-freezing parties, visited high-priced fertility clinics, talked to dozens of women who froze their eggs, toured the facility in Italy where the technology was developed, and even attended a memorial service for thousands of accidentally destroyed embryos. What was once science fiction is now simply science: Fertility can be frozen in time. Between 2009 and 2022, more than 100,000 women in the United States opted to freeze their eggs. Along with in vitro fertilization, egg freezing is touted as a way for women to &“have it all&” by conquering their biological clocks, in line with the global trend of delaying childbirth. A generation after the Pill, this revolutionary technology offers a new kind of freedom for women. But does egg freezing give women real agency or just the illusion of it?A personal and deeply researched guide to the pros, cons, and many facets of this wildly popular technology, The Big Freeze is a page-turning exploration of the quest to control fertility, with invaluable information that answers the questions women have been afraid to ask—or didn&’t know they should ask in the first place.
Big Guns: Artillery on the Battlefield (Casemate Short History)
by Angus KonstamA concise, illustrated introduction to artillery from medieval times to the modern era. Over seven centuries, the artillery piece has evolved from a status symbol to one of the most deadly weapons wielded by man. Using gunpowder weapons was initially something of a black art, but over time, gunnery became a science, a dependable method of breaching fortifications or overcoming an enemy on the battlefield. By the nineteenth century, most European armies had artillery units manned with trained gunners; Napoleon, originally an artillery officer, then took the use of artillery to a new level. Over the following decades, rapid advances in gun technology paved the way for the devastatingly powerful heavy artillery that literally transformed the landscape during World War I. The use of rolling and box barrages shaped how armies fought on the front lines, and powerful naval guns dictated the outcome of battles at sea. By World War II, the range of artillery had expanded to include self-propelled guns and powerful antitank and antiaircraft guns. In this informative introduction, historian Angus Konstam concisely explains how the development and evolving deployment of artillery led to big guns becoming the key to victory in two world wars and a potent force on the modern battlefield.
Big Ideas in Outdoor Primary Science: Understanding and Enjoying the Natural World
by Peter LoxleyBig Ideas in Outdoor Primary Science takes a fresh approach to learning science in outdoor contexts. It combines new thinking in science teaching using big ideas, with our growing need to look after our planet, and encourages children to learn from what scientists have to say about issues which will impact their lives today and in the future. The book offers primary teachers the subject and pedagogical knowledge, as well as the confidence they need, to integrate the seeds of big ideas into their curriculum. To this end, it provides models of good practice which exemplify how primary-aged children can work towards understanding some of science’s big ideas and engage with important issues related to wildlife conservation. The easy-to-use book covers topics such as: Interdependence Adaptation Inheritance Following in Darwin’s footsteps Protecting ecosystems Full of ideas for outside learning, this book is a comprehensive, valuable and essential resource for all teachers of primary science.
Big Machines (Professor Hoot's Science Comics #1)
by Greta BirchEvery day brings a new adventure for Professor Hoot - and a new learning experience. Today Professor Hoot is investigating what big machines are used for and how they can make our lives easier, from powerful bulldozers and towering cranes to the trains and planes that criss-cross the planet. An entertaining comic strip approach to KS1 science topics, Professor Hoot's Science Comics are accessible and full of fun. Each book is an adventure and a chance for readers to learn something new, before testing their knowledge at the end of each book in Professor Hoot's quiz. Collect each adventure: Big Machines; Dangerous Animals; Dinosaurs; Robots and AI; Space; Volcanoes and Earthquakes.
Big Machines, Level 1 (Dk Readers Level 1)
by Karen WallaceCrash! Scrape! Scrunch! A new park is being built. See Big Machines in action and find out what they do. For children who are just beginning to read and who have a limited vocabulary, these 32-page Level 1 books-about everything from tadpoles to puppies-use word repetition and simple sentences to convey meaning. Picture dictionary boxes with word labels "show" the meanings of words. These books contain between 400 and 450 words each, and they are 80 percent pictures and 20 percent text. The Dorling Kindersley Readers combine an enticing visual layout with high-interest, easy-to-read stories to captivate and delight young bookworms who are just getting started. Written by leading children's authors and compiled in consultation with literacy experts, these engaging books build reader confidence along with a lifelong appreciation for nonfiction, classic stories, and biographies. There is a DK Reader to interest every child at every level, from preschool to grade 4.