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Biogas – ein Taschenbuch für die Erzeugerpraxis: Erzeugerwissen, Aufbereitung und Vermarktung
by Werner Hermeling Korbinian Nachtmann Frank ScholwinDieses Buch hilft bei der Entscheidungsfindung zur Verwertung von Biogas. Ausgehend von den verschiedenen Gasreinigungsprozessen wird der Prozess der weiteren Verwertung beschrieben. Das betrifft zum einen die Kompression zu Bio-CNG und zum anderen die Verflüssigung zu Bio-LNG. Die Prozesse werden technisch wie betriebswirtschaftlich und unter ökologischen Gesichtspunkten dargestellt. Unterschiedliche Substrate zur Biogaserzeugung sowie passende Wertschöpfungsketten sind beschrieben. Ein eigener Abschnitt ist der Anlagensicherheit und der Personalschulung gewidmet. So sind sowohl die bisher konventionellen Aufbereitungsverfahren erläutert als auch die Einsatzgebiete der nach der Aufbereitung erhaltenen Produkte Methan (CH4) und Kohlendioxid (CO2) vorgestellt und bewertet worden.
Biogas Combustion Engines for Green Energy Generation (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Eiji Tomita Nobuyuki Kawahara Ulugbek AzimovThis book deals with the combustion and exhaust emissions of gas engines fueled with green biogas. Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily consisting of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, food waste, etc. Biogas is considered to be a renewable source of energy. Therefore, it can contribute to the prevention of global warming.The biogas engine is used to co-generate electricity by operating engine and heat from hot exhaust gases. The energy source used very efficiently. Unlike other green energy sources such as wind and solar, biogas is readily available when needed.This book first describes the basics of biogas and its application to internal combustion engines. Next, it describes the engine system and the combustion phenomena in the engine cylinder. Engine technology continues to advance in spark ignition and dual-fuel engines to achieve higher thermal efficiency and lower harmful emissions. Several advanced combustion technologies are introduced to achieve higher thermal efficiency while avoiding knocking.
Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources: An Introduction
by Angelika Steinhauser Dieter DeubleinThe leading book on the market just got better: With its unique approach covering all aspects of setting up and running a biogas plant, this new edition has been expanded to include recent advances in biomass processing.The author is a key player in the field, who has designed numerous small- and industrial-scale biogas plants, and who is also a long-time lecturer on biogas production, thus combining didactical skill with real-life expertise. As such, he covers both the biological and technical aspects of biogas generation. The full range of biogas substrates and processing modes is explained, from agricultural and industrial waste to marine algae and sediment. On-site use of biogas for conversion into electricity, fuel and heat is also discussed, as are safety and regulatory issues. Many real-life examples of European biogas plants already in operation illustrate the contents, as do numerous schemes, diagrams and summary tables.For this new edition, biogas analytics and quality control required for feeding biogas into natural gas networks are included, as is a completely new chapter on the microbiology of biogas-producing bacterial communities.
Biogas Production: Pretreatment Methods in Anaerobic Digestion
by Ackmez MudhooThis volume covers the most cutting-edge pretreatment processes being used and studied today for the production of biogas during anaerobic digestion processes using different feedstocks, in the most efficient and economical methods possible. As an increasingly important piece of the "energy pie," biogas and other biofuels are being used more and more around the world in every conceivable area of industry and could be a partial answer to the energy problem and the elimination of global warming.
Biogas Systems in China
by Ahmed Alsaedi Bin Chen Tasawar HayatThis book derives an explicit analytical pattern (or framework) that permits the examination and optimization of biogas production systems. It provides a concise overview of the current status of biogas and biogas coupled agricultural systems in China, and introduces evaluation methods for energy efficiency, environmental emissions, economic performance and sustainability assessment approaches. Based on empirical studies, it also explores future options for the system development by focusing on emissions mitigation, biogas energy efficiency and system sustainability. Systematic methods of life cycle assessment and thermodynamic analysis may provide new angles for biogas system evaluation. The system discussed is not only a biogas producer, but also a biogas-linked ecological agricultural system, which has the potential to broaden the applicable scopes of renewable energy and eco-agricultural management. The comprehensive, in-depth knowledge and experience presented provide new analytical approaches for researchers in relevant fields and shed light on the construction and operation of emerging anaerobic digestion and biogas industries. This book is a valuable resource for researchers focusing on biogas system modeling, project managers and policymakers.
Biogas Technology
by Liangwei Deng Yi Liu Wenguo WangThis book focuses on agricultural waste treatment and renewable energy production from the perspective of anaerobic digestion. It covers topics on anaerobic digestion processes and practices in various types of biogas plant construction and management and systematically addresses the principle and main features of three kinds of anaerobic digestion systems: household digesters, biogas septic tanks, and biogas plants. Instructive, informative and easy to understand, the book offers a valuable asset for researchers, technicians, graduate students and managerial personnel working in the areas of renewable energy, agricultural ecological engineering and the treatment and utilization of agricultural wastes.
Biogas Technology in Nigeria
by Isaac Nathaniel Itodo Eli Jidere Bala Abubakar Sani SamboThis book provides comprehensive and simplified coverage of fundamentals of biogas such as production, purification, storage, methods of improving yield and utilization, types, construction, design and operation of biogas plants. It covers stepwise design and a manual for construction of biogas plants including a planning guide, profitability analysis and evaluation of biogas plants. The biogas energy profile in Nigeria is exclusively covered. Features: Explores planning for biogas plants as a pre-requisite to develop a functional plant balancing energy production and consumption. Gives out detailed provision of the types of substances that are and can be used for biogas production covering animal, municipal, and industrial wastes. Provides knowledge for aspiring biogas producers as well as decision makers, specifically in the context of Nigeria. Covers use of digestrate for anaerobic digestion as a waste treatment method and on the input (feedstock) to the biogas plant. Compares carbon dioxide emissions from biogas plants with fossil fuel plants. This book aims at Graduate Students and Researchers in Agricultural, Environmental, Chemical, Civil and Energy engineering and related professional audience.
Biogas Technology in Southeast Asia (Green Energy and Technology)
by Pruk Aggarangsi Sirichai Koonaphapdeelert Saoharit Nitayavardhana James MoranThis book on biogas is about the production and use of biogas with an emphasis on the raw materials and processes suitable for use in Southeast Asia. It is a gas formed when organic matter decomposes in an anaerobic digestion process. It can be made from any organic substance but the most economic are organic products from waste such as agricultural or general household waste, sewage, manure, municipal waste or food waste. As this raw material can be renewed indefinitely, biogas produced from it, is considered a renewable energy source. Worldwide interest in renewable energy sources is gathering momentum especially as concern for climate change mounts. Biogas generation helps reduce reliance on the use of fossil fuels. Producing biogas through biodigestion is non-polluting as there is no combustion or energy addition especially in the warmer climes of Southeast Asia. In this region, poorly managed landfills allow toxic liquids to drain into underground water sources. If instead, these wastes were used in a biogas plant, water pollution would be reduced. The same argument could be made for the local air quality. Therefore, biogas generation, in addition to producing renewable energy, also improves local water and air quality. The solid end-waste product of the biogas generation process is enriched natural organic matter (digestate), which can be substituted for chemical fertilizers, providing another environmental benefit to biogas. This book is primarily concerned with the production of biogas. From the raw material pre-treatment to the reactor design and operation to the post-treatment system, this book covers all aspects of production. There are many types of biogas reactors, each with their own advantages. Which reactor to select depends on the type and quantity of raw material, land area available and climate, among other factors. This book provides information on selecting and operating a suitable biogas system for interested parties be they governmental, NGO’s, private companies or individuals. Biogas contains primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). It may also contain small quantities of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), moisture and siloxanes. Extracting the methane from all other gases is called biogas upgrading and the output is then referred to as biomethane. These upgrading processes are not the subject of this book as they are already the subject of a previously published book.
Biogenic Nano-Particles and their Use in Agro-ecosystems
by Ajit Varma Devendra K. Choudhary Mansour Ghorbanpour Prachi BhargavaSeveral nano-scale devices have emerged that are capable of analysing plant diseases, nutrient deficiencies and any other ailments that may affect food security in agro-ecosystems. It has been envisioned that smart delivery systems can be developed and utilised for better management of agricultural ecosystems. These systems could exhibit beneficial, multi-functional characteristics, which could be used to assess and also control habitat-imposed stresses to crops.Nanoparticle-mediated smart delivery systems can control the delivery of nutrients or bioactive and/or pesticide molecules in plants. It has been suggested that nano-particles in plants might help determine their nutrient status and could also be used as cures in agro-ecosystems. Further, to enhance soil and crop productivity, nanotechnology has been used to create and deliver nano fertilizers, which can be defined as nano-particles that directly help supply nutrients for plant growth and soil productivity. Nano-particles can be absorbed onto clay networks, leading to improved soil health and more efficient nutrient use by crops. Additionally, fertilizer particles can be coated with nano-particles that facilitate slow and steady release of nutrients, reducing loss of nutrients and enhancing their efficiency in agri-crops. Although the use of nanotechnology in agro-ecosystems is still in its early stages and needs to be developed further, nano-particle-mediated delivery systems are promising solutions for the successful management of agri-ecosystems. In this context, the book offers insights into nanotechnology in agro-ecosystems with reference to biogenic nanoparticles. It highlights the: • occurrence and diversity of Biogenic Nanoparticles• mechanistic approach involved in the synthesis of biogenic nanoparticles• synthesis of nanoparticles using photo-activation, and their fate in the soil ecosystem• potential applications of nanoparticles in agricultural systems• application and biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their characterization• impact of biogenic nanoparticles on biotic stress to plants• mechanistic approaches involved in the antimicrobial effects and cytotoxicity of biogenic nanoparticles• role of biogenic nanoparticles in plant diseases management• relevance of biological synthesized nanoparticles in the longevity of agricultural crops • design and synthesis of nano-biosensors for monitoring pollutants in water, soil and plant systems• applications of nanotechnology in agriculture with special refer to soil, water and plant sciencesA useful resource for postgraduate and research students in the field of plant and agricultural sciences, it is also of interest to researchers working in nano and biotechnology.
Biogenic Nanomaterials for Environmental Sustainability: Principles, Practices, and Opportunities (Environmental Science and Engineering)
by Maulin P. Shah Navneeta Bharadvaja Lakhan KumarEnvironmental pollution is a worldwide concern now. A major section of the world population is struggling for drinking water. Polluted soil is resulting into low agricultural productivity and thus creating challenges in the way of sustainable livelihood of a large section of human population. Biological treatment can offer both green solutions for wastewater treatment and resource recovery as well. Like algal-based systems can be utilized for wastewater treatment and production of biofuels from the biomass grown on the wastewater. Bio-based nanomaterials have been extensively studied for their employability in the health care, process optimization, water resource management, dealing with environmental pollutants, biosensors, and many others. Bioprospecting of novel biological agents, bio-based products, and bioresource recovery are paving the way for sustainable development as they are providing local solutions for a number of problems.In this proposed book, we start with the introduction to bio-nanotechnological principles and later on discuss bio-based nanomaterials employability for a diverse range of applications from environment to energy to health care. This book provides with current trends in bio-nanotechnology for anthropogonic purposes, prospects, challenges, and way forward.
Biogenic—Abiogenic Interactions in Natural and Anthropogenic Systems 2022 (Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences)
by Olga V. Frank-Kamenetskaya Dmitry Yu. Vlasov Elena G. Panova Tatiana V. AlekseevaThe book represents a collection of papers presented at VII International Symposium "Biogenic-abiogenic interactions in natural and anthropogenic systems" that was held on 26-29 September 2022 in Saint Petersburg (Russia). Papers in this book cover a wide range of topics connecting with interactions between biogenic and abiogenic components in lithosphere, biosphere and technosphere. The main regarding topics are following: biomineralization in living organisms and nature-like materials; biomineralization in geosystems; geochemistry of biogenic-abiogenic systems; biomineral interactions in soil; interaction of microorganisms with natural and artificial materials; medical geology; philosophical aspects of interdisciplinary researchs
Biogeochemical Cycle of Mercury in Reservoir Systems in Wujiang River Basin, Southwest China
by Xinbin Feng Bo Meng Haiyu Yan Xuewu Fu Heng Yao Lihai ShangThis book presents an intensive study on the biogeochemical cycle of mercury in a river-reservoir system in Wujiang River Basin, the upper branch of the Yangtze River. Six reservoirs located in the mainstream of the Wujiang River and their corresponding inflow/outflow rivers were selected for inclusion in this study, which was conducted by researchers from the Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The concentration and distribution of Hg in reservoirs (the water column, sediment, sediment pore water), inflow/outflow rivers of reservoirs, and wet deposition in Wujiang River Basin were systematically investigated, and measurements were taken of the water/air exchange flux of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM). On the basis of the data gathered, a detailed mass balance of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in the six reservoirs was developed. In addition, the book identifies the primary factors controlling Hg methylation in the river-reservoir system in Wujiang River Basin. The accumulation and bio-magnification of Hg species within food chains in reservoirs and human health risk of MeHg exposure through fish consumption are also included in this book.
Biogeochemical, Health, and Ecotoxicological Perspectives on Gold and Gold Mining
by Ronald EislerDespite the esteemed nature of gold in society, evidence of adverse ecotoxicological effects and risk to human health in various mining and extraction techniques has generated increasing interest in the biological and environmental implications of gold. Biogeochemical, Health, and Ecotoxicological Perspectives on Gold and Gold Mining is the first c
Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem
by Gene E. LikensThe goal of this Third Edition is to update long-term data presented in earlier editions and to generate new syntheses and conclusions about the biogeochemistry of the Hubbard Brook Valley based on these longer-term data. There have been many changes, revelations, and exciting new insights generated from the longer data records. For example, the impact of acid rain peaked during the period of the HBES and is now declining. The longer-term data also posed challenges in that very marked changes in fluxes occurred in some components, such as hydrogen ion and sulfate deposition, calcium and nitrate export in stream water and biomass accumulation, during the almost 50 years of record. Thus, presenting "mean" or "average" conditions for many components for such a long period, when change was so prominent, do not make sense. In some cases, pentads or decades of time are compared to show these changes in a more smoothed and rational way for this long period. In some cases, a single period, often during periods of rapid change, such as acidification, is used to illustrate the main point(s). And, for some elements a unique mass balance approach, allowing the calculation of the Net Ecosystem Flux (NEF), is shown on an annual basis throughout the study.
Biogeochemistry of the Atmosphere, Ice and Water of the White Sea: The White Sea Environment Part I (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry #81)
by Alexander P. Lisitsyn Viacheslav V. GordeevThis book is devoted to the biogeochemical environment of the White Sea, an inland sea in the Northwestern region of Russia. It provides a comprehensive review and discusses the latest research findings on the oceanology, sedimentology and biogeochemistry of the White Sea water column. The topics discussed include the regulation of the physico-geographical conditions in the White Sea basin; dispersed sedimentary substance of the atmosphere and the cryosphere; the geochemical peculiarities of the river discharge into the White Sea; and the phyto- and zooplankton activities in the White Sea. Taking the biggest river in the White Sea basin as an example, the authors closely examine the deposition of suspended particulate matter, the biogeochemical behaviour of dissolved and suspended forms of organic material and the significant group of chemical elements in the river-sea mixing zone of the Severnaya Dvina River. The book ends with a summary of the key conclusions and recommendations. Together with the companion volume Sedimentation Processes in the White Sea: The White Sea Environment Part II, it offers an essential source of information for postgraduate students, researchers and stakeholders alike.
Biogeochemistry of Trace Metals: Advances In Trace Substances Research (CRC Press Revivals)
by Domy C. AdrianoBiogeochemistry of Trace Metals is a compendium of the most recent information available on the effects of trace metals in soil quality and its potential threat on the transfer of these contaminants to consumers. Most of the chapters in the book were presented as papers during the First International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements (formerly Metals in Soils, Plants, Waters, and Animals) held in Orlando, Florida in May, 1990. Topics discussed include background levels of metals in soils and/or plants (covering western Europe; temperate, humid Europe; and the People's Republic of China); metal cycling and transfer in the food chain in agroecosystems; uptake and accumulation of metals by bacteria, fungi, and invertebrates; mechanistic aspects of metals; the microbial aspects of soil selenium losses; and manganese sorption on soil constituents.
Biogeochemistry of Wetlands: Science and Applications
by K. Ramesh Reddy Ronald D. DeLaune Patrick W. InglettThe globally important nature of wetland ecosystems has led to their increased protection and restoration as well as their use in engineered systems. Underpinning the beneficial functions of wetlands are a unique suite of physical, chemical, and biological processes that regulate elemental cycling in soils and the water column. This book provides an in-depth coverage of these wetland biogeochemical processes related to the cycling of macroelements including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, secondary and trace elements, and toxic organic compounds. In this synthesis, the authors combine more than 100 years of experience studying wetlands and biogeochemistry to look inside the black box of elemental transformations in wetland ecosystems. This new edition is updated throughout to include more topics and provide an integrated view of the coupled nature of biogeochemical cycles in wetland systems. The influence of the elemental cycles is discussed at a range of scales in the context of environmental change including climate, sea level rise, and water quality. Frequent examples of key methods and major case studies are also included to help the reader extend the basic theories for application in their own system. Some of the major topics discussed are: Flooded soil and sediment characteristics Aerobic-anaerobic interfaces Redox chemistry in flooded soil and sediment systems Anaerobic microbial metabolism Plant adaptations to reducing conditions Regulators of organic matter decomposition and accretion Major nutrient sources and sinks Greenhouse gas production and emission Elemental flux processes Remediation of contaminated soils and sediments Coupled C-N-P-S processes Consequences of environmental change in wetlands The book provides the foundation for a basic understanding of key biogeochemical processes and its applications to solve real world problems. It is detailed, but also assists the reader with box inserts, artfully designed diagrams, and summary tables all supported by numerous current references. This book is an excellent resource for senior undergraduates and graduate students studying ecosystem biogeochemistry with a focus in wetlands and aquatic systems.
Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists
by John DaintithNew Edition of a Highly Regarded Reference As the first fully updated version in almost a decade, this comprehensive compendium brings together 2400 scientists who have made important contributions to the wide world of science. Rather than a Who's-Who style laundry list, this user-friendly resource provides essential biographical information and fo
Biographical Memoirs: Volume 91
by National Academy of Science the National AcademiesBiographical Memoirs is a series of essays containing the life histories and selected bibliographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences. The series provides a record of the life and work of some of the most distinguished leaders in the sciences, as witnessed and interpreted by their colleagues and peers. They form a biographical history of science in America--an important part of our nation's contribution to the intellectual heritage of the world.
Biographical Memoirs: Volume 74
by National Academy of Sciences StaffMemoirs of histories more distinguished figures
Biographies in the History of Physics: Actors, Objects, Institutions
by Christian Forstner Mark WalkerThis book sheds new light on the biographical approach in the history of physics by including the biographies of scientific objects, institutions, and concepts. What is a biography? Can biographies also be written for non-human subjects like scientific instruments, institutions or concepts? The respective chapters of this book discuss these controversial questions using examples from the history of physics. By approaching biography as metaphor, it transcends the boundaries between various perspectives on the history of physics, and enriches our grasp of the past.
The Biography of Cotton (How Did That Get There?)
by Carrie GleasonThis work is for ages 8-14. <p>From plant to T-shirt, this intriguing new book follows the history of this natural fibre from its earliest beginnings in Pakistan and Peru to its world-wide use today. Colour photographs and maps describe the plant itself as well as where and how it is produced. Historic black and white images help tell the real story of the early cotton trade highlighting slavery, child labour, and the manufacturing process. <p><p>Other topics include; What is a commodity?; how cotton was used in the Ancient world; the history of cotton use and the textile industry; new technologies created to harvest cotton, and their effects on the rest of society; the lives of people on plantations, in the cotton fields, and in Mill Towns; cotton manufacturing around the world.
The Biography of Rubber (How Did That Get Here?)
by Carrie GleasonThis work is for ages 8-14. <p><p>This fascinating new book explores how one of the world's most important products starts out as sap from a tropical tree and ends up as tires on your family car. Find out how this sap was used in ancient times, how early rubber barons prospered in South America, how they treated their labourers, and the environmental dangers of producing both natural and synthetic rubber. <p><p>Other topics include: What is a commodity?; the differences between synthetic and natural rubber; how latex is harvested and rubber is made; the exploding seeds of the rubber tree; uses of rubber, including tires, erasers, elastics, bouncy balls, and silly putty; stories of different inventors such as John Priestly, Charles Goodyear, Robert Thomson, Thomas Edison, Henry Ford and more.
BioH2 & BioCH4 Through Anaerobic Digestion: From Research to Full-scale Applications (Green Energy and Technology)
by Bernardo Ruggeri Tonia Tommasi Sara SanfilippoThis book presents a Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion (TSAD) technique for producing hydrogen and methane, following a step-by-step approach in order to guide readers through the experimental verification of the related hypothesis. In the first stage of AD, the reaction conditions are optimized to obtain the maximum amount of hydrogen, while in the second the liquid residue from the first phase is used as a substrate to produce fuel-methane. AD has traditionally been used to reduce the organic content of waste; this results in a biogas that is primarily constituted of CH4 and CO2. Over the last few decades, the conversion of organic matter into hydrogen by means of AD and selecting Hydrogen Producing Bacteria (HPB) has matured into a viable and sustainable technology among the pallet of H2 generation technologies. The combined bio-production of hydrogen and methane from Organic Waste Materials (OWM) is considered to be an ideal way of utilizing waste, and can increase energy efficiency (the substrate Heat Value converted into H2 and CH4 fuel) to roughly 80%, since the energy efficiency of H2-production alone (15%) is not energetically competitive. The two gas streams can be used either separately or in combination (Hytane®), be supplied as civilian gas or used for transportation purposes. All the aspects of this sustainable technology are taken into account, from the basic biochemical implications to engineering aspects, establishing the design criteria and the scale-up procedures for full-scale application. The sustainability of the TSAD method is assessed by applying EROI (Energy Return On Investment) and EPT (Energy Payback Time) criteria, and both the general approach and application to the field of Anaerobic Digestion are illustrated.
Biohydrogen - Advances and Processes (Biofuel and Biorefinery Technologies #13)
by Carlos Ricardo Soccol Satinder Kaur Brar Kugenthiren Permaul Kannan Pakshirajan Júlio Cesar de CarvalhoThis book presents an introduction to biohydrogen production and the recent advances and developments of the cleanest biofuel produced from bioresources. Biohydrogen has the highest energy content relative to weight and burns cleanly – generating just water. It is the best choice for fuel cells, where it generates electricity directly, in its reaction with oxygen. Biohydrogen occurs naturally as part of digestive gases from mammals and can be produced in specially designed anaerobic biodigesters, or through photocatalysis with microalgae. The gas is also easy to purify and use. The economic production of biohydrogen is still full of challenges: From the efficient and rapid conversion of the substrate to storage, transportation, and safe use, there are several aspects that need to be developed. Research in this field is addressing the issue of efficient large-scale production from several directions: Substrate pretreatment to enhance digestibility, metabolic networks analysis, microbial diversity and succession to highlight constraints in production, bioreactor, and downstream design to improve throughput and reduce costs, to name a few. The ideas and technologies presented in this book contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy. The book is written for researchers and students interested in biorefinery and biofuel technologies.