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Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: VOLUME 1
by National Research CouncilIn the Bhopal disaster of 1984, approximately 2,000 residents living near a chemical plant were killed and 20,000 more suffered irreversible damage to their eyes and lungs following the accidental release of methyl isocyanate. This tragedy served to focus international attention on the need for governments to identify hazardous substances and assist local communities in planning how to deal with emergency exposures. Since 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has been tasked with identifying extremely hazardous substances and, in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Department of Transportation, assist local emergency response planners. The National Advisory Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances was established in 1995 to develop acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for high priority toxic chemicals that could be released into the air from accidents at chemical plants, storage sites, or during transportation. This book reviews toxicity documents on five chemicals--chlorine, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, toluene, and uranium hexafluoride--for their scientific validity, comprehensives, internal consistency, and conformance to the 1993 guidelines report.
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals
by National Research Council Committee on Toxicology Division On Earth Life Studies Board on Environmental Studies Toxicology Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline LevelsAcute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Volume 15 identifies, reviews, and interprets relevant toxicologic and other scientific data for ethyl mercaptan, methyl mercaptan, phenyl mercaptan, tert-octyl mercaptan, lewisite, methyl isothiocyanate, and selected monoisocyanates in order to develop acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for these high-priority, acutely toxic chemicals. AEGLs represent threshold exposure limits (exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur) for the general public and are applicable to emergency exposures ranging from 10 minutes (min) to 8 h. Three level--AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3--are developed for each of five exposure periods (10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 8 h) and are distinguished by varying degrees of severity of toxic effects. This report will inform planning, response, and prevention in the community, the workplace, transportation, the military, and the remediation of Superfund sites.
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 9
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesThis book is the ninth volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, and reviews AEGLs for bromine, ethylene oxide, furan, hydrogen sulfide, propylene oxide, and xylenes.
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: VOLUME 2
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesThis book reviews toxicity documents on five chemicals that can be released in the air from accidents at chemical plants, storage sites, or during transportation. The documents were prepared by the National Advisory Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances and were evaluated for their scientific validity, comprehensives, internal consistency, and conformance to the 1993 guidelines report.
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: VOLUME 3
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesThis report is the third volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. <P><P> In the Bhopal disaster of 1984, approximately 2,000 residents living near a chemical plant were killed and 20,000 more suffered irreversible damage to their eyes and lungs following accidental release of Methyl Isocyanate. The toll was particularly high because the community had little idea what chemicals were being used at the plant, how dangerous they might be, and what steps to take in case of emergency. This tragedy served to focus international attention on the need for governments to identify hazardous substances and to assist local communities in planning how to deal with emergency exposures.
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: VOLUME 4
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesThis book is the eighth volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, and reviews AEGLs for acrolein, carbon monoxide, 1,2-dichloroethene, ethylenimine, fluorine, hydrazine, peracetic acid, propylenimine, and sulfur dioxide for scientific accuracy, completeness, and consistency with the NRC guideline reports.
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: VOLUME 5
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesIn 1993, the National Research Council';s Committee on Toxicology developed criteria and methods for EPA and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) to develop community emergency exposure levels for extremely hazardous substances for the general population. <P><P>A few years later, the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances (NAC)--composed of members of EPA, DOD, other federal and state agencies, industry, academia, and other organizations--was established to identify, review, and interpret toxicologic and other scientific data to develop acute exposure guidelines (AEGLs) for high-priority, acutely toxic chemicals. Three levels--AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3 are developed for each of five exposure periods (10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 4 hr, and 8 hr) and are distinguished by varying degrees of severity of toxic effects. This current report reviews the NAC reports for their scientific validity, completeness, and consistency with the NRC guideline reports developed in 1993 and 2001. This report is the fifth volume in the series and covers AEGLs for chlorine dioxide, chlorine trifluoride, cyclohexylamine, ethylenediamine, hydrofluoroether-7100, and tetranitromethane. It concludes that the AEGLs developed by NAC are scientifically valid and consistent with the NRC guideline reports. AEGLs are needed for a wide range of planning, response, and prevention applications. These values provide data critical to evacuation decisions and discussions between community leaders and industries as they seek ways to minimize the health impact should the chemical release occur. Some of the finalized AEGLs have been officially adopted by the Department of the Army, FEMA, and the Department of Transportation as the official levels for use by those agencies.
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: VOLUME 6
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesThis book is the sixth volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, and includes AEGLs for chemicals such as ammonia, nickel carbonyl and phosphine, among others.<P><P> At the request of the Department of Defense, the National Research Council has reviewed the relevant scientific literature compiled by an expert panel and established Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 12 new chemicals. AEGLs represent exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur and are useful in responding to emergencies such as accidental or intentional chemical releases in the community, the workplace, transportation, the military, and for the remediation of contaminated sites. Three AEGLs are approved for each chemical, representing exposure levels that result in: 1) notable but reversible discomfort; 2) long-lasting health effects; and 3) life-threatening health impacts.
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 7
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesThis book is the seventh volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, and includes AEGLs for acetone cyanohydrin, carbon disulfide, monochloroacetic acid, and phenol. <P><P>At the request of the Department of Defense, the National Research Council has reviewed the relevant scientific literature compiled by an expert panel and established Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 12 new chemicals. AEGLs represent exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur and are useful in responding to emergencies such as accidental or intentional chemical releases in the community, the workplace, transportation, the military, and for the remediation of contaminated sites. Three AEGLs are approved for each chemical, representing exposure levels that result in: 1) notable but reversible discomfort; 2) long-lasting health effects; and 3) life-threatening health impacts.
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 8
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesThis book is the eighth volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, and reviews AEGLs for acrolein, carbon monoxide, 1,2-dichloroethene, ethylenimine, fluorine, hydrazine, peracetic acid, propylenimine, and sulfur dioxide for scientific accuracy, completeness, and consistency with the NRC guideline reports.
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: VOLUME 4
by Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline LevelsInformation on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals.
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals
by The National Academy of SciencesExtremely hazardous substances (EHSs)sup2; can be released accidentally as a result of chemical spills, industrial explosions, fires, or accidents involving railroad cars and trucks transporting EHSs. Workers and residents in communities surrounding industrial facilities where EHSs are manufactured, used, or stored and in communities along the nation's railways and highways are potentially at risk of being exposed to airborne EHSs during accidental releases or intentional releases by terrorists. Pursuant to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified approximately 400 EHSs on the basis of acute lethality data in rodents. As part of its efforts to develop acute exposure guideline levels for EHSs, EPA and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) in 1991 requested that the National Research Council (NRC) develop guidelines for establishing such levels. In response to that request, the NRC published Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substancesin 1993. Subsequently, Standard Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substanceswas published in 2001, providing updated procedures, methodologies, and other guidelines used by the National Advisory Committee (NAC) on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances and the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) in developing the AEGL values. In 1998, EPA and DOD requested that the NRC independently review the AEGLs developed by NAC. In response to that request, the NRC organized within its Committee on Toxicology (COT) the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, which prepared this report. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicalsis the tenth volume of the series and documents for N,N-dimethylformamide, jet propellant fuels 5 and 8, methyl ethyl ketone, perchloromethyl mercaptan, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride, and sulfuryl chloride.
Acute Geriatric Care: from Hospital to Territorial Charge
by Nicola Vargas Andrea Fabbo Antonio M EsquinasThis book is focused on geriatric patients in critically ill conditions in the Emergency Room. Their percentage is very high, about 60% of the total percentage of patients, and the availability of intensive care admission is reduced for them as clearly shown during last Covid-19 pandemic. However, the modern approach is not yet able to stop the frailty cascade after hospitalization.In this book authors offer an analysis to overcome this gap. The volume contains two main sections: in the first one, authors discuss recommendations and guidelines for setting organizations and treatment through different case reports of practical management of critically ill geriatric patients (especially patients treated with noninvasive ventilation). In the second part, they analyze the territorial networks that take charge of the older patients. Furthermore, a chapter will be reserved to a comparative investigation of the different types of hospital territorial integration in Europe. The book, written by renowned experts in their fields and by their teams, represents a new tool rich of suggestions for all those physicians involved in the management of this frail population.
Acute Gynaecology and Early Pregnancy
by Davor Jurkovic Roy FarquharsonAcute gynaecological problems are among the most common reasons for women of reproductive age to seek medical help. Emergency outpatient visits now outnumber elective clinical appointments in gynaecology. With a growing number of patients, increasingly complex diagnostic algorithms and a wide range of management options, the participation and training of senior doctors in this field is vital to ensure women receive the best possible treatment. This book provides a thorough overview of acute gynaecology and early pregnancy and has been designed to reflect the syllabus of the RCOG's Advanced Training Skills Module (ATSM) in 'Early pregnancy and emergency gynaecology'. It covers the diagnosis and management of routine clinical problems, such as miscarriage and tubal pregnancy, as well as less frequently seen presentations, such as uncommon forms of ectopic pregnancy and trophoblastic disease. The use of drugs in early pregnancy and management organisational aspects of care are also addressed.
Acute Heart Failure: Putting the Puzzle of Pathophysiology and Evidence Together in Daily Practice
by Wolfgang Krüger<P>Acute heart failure is a potentially life threatening situation where correct, rapid therapy can save lives. Information from the latest research and studies has been used to update this text to bring the latest understanding of the pathophysiology together with a practical guide to diagnosis and management using an evidenced based approach. <P> Since the first edition of Acute Heart Failure, this research has brought to light three important issues to be integrated into a second edition. First, the so-called “vascular heart failure” has been identified as a common and decisive mechanism provoking acute heart failure due to the coupling and interaction between the heart (right and left heart) and the large vessel systems (aorta and pulmonary artery). Second, the interaction and cross-talk between heart and kidneys, the so-called ‘cardiorenal syndrome’ has been identified as another feature of acute heart failure syndromes. Third, we have new knowledge and updated points of views about the development of pulmonary hypertension in patients suffering from heart failure, the group 2 of the classification system of pulmonary hypertension. These are all covered in this second edition. <P> This revision to a seminal text is a valuable addition to any practitioner who treats patients with acute heart failure and wants a deeper understanding of the condition.
Acute Illness Management
by Chris MulryanThe prospect of caring for acutely ill patients has the potential to overwhelm students and newly qualified health professionals, with many reporting feelings of stress, fear and inexperience. In this context, Acute Illness Management arrives as an important and much needed text covering the fundamental aspects of care in the hospital setting. This book is designed to address the student's needs by equipping them with a practical understanding of the essential skills ranging from resuscitation to early intervention and to trauma care. It explains the rationale behind the key protocols of care highlighting the relationship between theory and practice. Key features include: -Up-to-date legal and ethical content. -Tips for analysing care decisions in a critical and effective manner, and -Reflective activities and self-assessment questions to cement learning. Acute Illness Management is an invaluable resource for students and qualified practitioners in nursing and other health professions.
Acute Ischemic Stroke: Imaging and Intervention
by Joshua A. Hirsch Lee H. Schwamm Michael H. Lev Pamela W. Schaefer R. Gilberto GonzálezThis updated second edition of Acute Ischemic Stroke: Imaging and Intervention provides a comprehensive account of the state of the art in the diagnosis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The basic format of the first edition has been retained, with sections on fundamentals such as pathophysiology and causes, imaging techniques and interventions. However, each chapter has been revised to reflect the important recent progress in advanced neuroimaging and the use of interventional tools. In addition, a new chapter is included on the classification instruments for ischemic stroke and their use in predicting outcomes and therapeutic triage. All of the authors are internationally recognized experts and members of the interdisciplinary stroke team at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School. The text is supported by numerous informative illustrations, and ease of reference is ensured through the inclusion of suitable tables. This book will serve as a unique source of up-to-date information for neurologists, emergency physicians, radiologists and other health care providers who care for the patient with acute ischemic stroke.
Acute Ischemic Stroke: Medical, Endovascular, and Surgical Techniques
by Jaechan ParkThisbook approaches the topic of management of acute ischemic stroke in aninterdisciplinary manner, explaining how best to utilize the methods currentlyavailable for medical, surgical, and endovascular care. After anopening section on basics such as pathophysiology, radiological assessment, andpathology, comprehensive and up-to-date information is provided on each of the availabletherapies, techniques, and practices. Special attention is paid to recent advancesin neurointerventional and neurosurgical procedures, with clear description ofimportant technical details. The book includes plentiful high-quality caseillustrations and a wealth of practical information thatwill prove of value in emergency rooms, angiography suites, operating rooms,and intensive care units. It will aid not only neurologists,neurointerventionists, and neurosurgeons, but also all others who are involvedin the management of acute ischemic stroke, from radiologists and emergencyphysicians to healthcare providers.
Acute Kidney Injury and Regenerative Medicine
by Yoshio Terada Takashi Wada Kent DoiThis book presents up-to-date information on the clinical-pathophysiological features of acute renal injury and discusses the KDIGO diagnostic criteria, as well as novel experimental findings, including in the area of regenerative medicine. It also highlights the clinical-pathophysiological importance of AKI in clinical settings, including differential diagnoses and management of AKI. In the past, the pathology associated with sudden renal impairment was characterized as acute renal failure (ARF). However, in the 2000s, the joint efforts of specialists in fields including nephrology, intensive care medicine, and cardiovascular medicine led to the introduction of a novel concept known as acute kidney injury (AKI). As medical care progressed, patients such as high-risk elderly subjects who were not deemed to be candidates for invasive therapy came to be treated in intensive care units (ICUs). As a result, kidney injury as a subset of multiple organ failure was re-considered as AKI, especially in intensive care medicine. AKI was then proposed as a novel disease concept to emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and early intervention to improve prognosis.Presenting novel features, such as the definition of AKI, risk factors and management; biomarkers, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and L-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP); long-term outcomes of AKI; as well as renal regeneration using iPS cell, manipulation of embryonic genes, and Xenotransplanted embryonic kidney, this book is of interest to all physicians and researchers in this field around the globe.
The Acute Knee: A Handbook for Sports Medicine Physicians
by Mark F. ShermanThis handbook presents a concise, practical approach to the physical examination and diagnosis of acute injuries of the knee. While radiological diagnostic tools like CT and MRI are important tools for orthopedic and sports medicine injuries, the skills of history taking and an accurate physical exam are no less important in educated decision-making when it comes to injury management. The goal of this book is to make it easier for a beginning knee practitioner to take an educated history and then perform a thorough physical examination. This will invariably steer them to the course of the correct diagnosis. The focus here is on a consistent and thorough examination, including taking a full history of the injury, utilizing common physical tests, and limiting differential diagnoses. To this end, the book opens with a review of these general considerations. Subsequent chapters discuss these considerations across a number of acute knee injuries to the patella, ACL, MCL, PCL, meniscus, and multiligamentous and extensor mechanism injuries and conditions. Additional chapters describe osteochondral injuries and mimickers such as PVNS and tumors. Video clips demonstrating examination techniques are included throughout the text. While The Acute Knee is aimed primarily at younger practitioners, it is an excellent resource for any orthopedic surgeon or sports medicine physicians looking to refamiliarize themselves with the "lost art" of physical examination for the acute knee.
Acute Leukemias (Hematologic Malignancies)
by Stefan H. Faderl Hagop M. Kantarjian Elihu EsteyBetter therapy of acute leukemias depends ultimately on better understanding of the distinction between leukemic and normal progenitor cells. This hugely important new book describes the current knowledge of acute leukemia biology and discusses new classification systems that have arisen as a result of emerging insights into pathogenesis. Estey, Faderl and Kantarjian, who all work at the respected Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas, USA, examine in detail advances in the treatment of particular types of acute leukemia. Their book also covers the management of acute leukemia in general as well as the development of new therapies. This book will be extremely useful to clinicians.
Acute Lung Injury and Repair: Scientific Fundamentals and Methods (Respiratory Medicine)
by Lynn M. Schnapp Carol Feghali-BostwickAcute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the incidence is predicted to increase with the aging population Several clinical disorders can initiate ARDS, including pneumonia, sepsis, gastric aspiration and trauma but despite intense research over the past 40 years, we still have an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and treatment remains largely supportive. This book provides an overview of acute lung injury and repair, describes current animal models to study lung injury and reviews current methodologies to study and measure lung injury and repair. Special emphasis is given to state of the art techniques and methods and relevance to human disease. Acute Lung Injury and Repair: Scientific Fundamentals and Methods is a useful resource for physicians and scientists who are interested in experimental model systems for insight into ARDS pathogenesis and treatment strategies.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children and Adolescents (Pediatric Oncology)
by Gabriele Escherich Valentino ConterThis book is a comprehensive and up-to-date compendium on diagnosis, treatment and late effects of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in children, adolescents and young adults. After introductory chapters on the epidemiology and biology of ALL, treatment considerations are extensively reviewed, also with emphasis on special patient groups, such as Infants, Adolescents and patients with Down Syndrome. Immunotherapy in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is reviewed as well as strategies for patients with Lymphoblastic Lymphoma and for patients with refractory or relapsed ALL. The authors are internationally recognized experts and offer up-to-date insights on etiology, biology, and treatment. This book will prove indispensable for those treating or researching into this disease.
Acute Management of Hand Injuries
by Andrew Weiland Rachel RohdeDo you encounter patients with hand and wrist problems? Are there times when you wish you had a hand surgeon next to you to help guide you in the right direction? The answers you are looking for can be found inside Acute Management of Hand Injuries by hand surgeons, Drs. Andrew J. Weiland and Rachel S. Rohde.Acute Management of Hand Injuries is a concise and user-friendly book including the most common acute hand and wrist complaints including fractures, dislocations, tendon and nerve injuries, infections, bite injuries, and industrial trauma. This book acts as a “pocket consultant” for non-hand specialists who temporize acute hand issues before referring the patient to a specialist.Acute Management of Hand Injuries is designed to provide the most current and up-to-date information on even the smallest hand afflictions.Inside You’ll Also Find: • Numerous photographs and radiographs • Hand evaluation diagram template • Suggested readings at the end of each chapter • Quick reference appendices covering topics such as antibiotic recommendations and burn treatmentAcute Management of Hand Injuries also will serve as a perfect introductory guide for residents and students in orthopedic or plastic surgery programs who will be expected to master these basic principles.Each Chapter Includes: • Mechanism of Injury • Evaluation • Acute Treatment • Definitive Treatment • Potential ProblemsAcute Management of Hand Injuries is ideal for orthopedic surgeons, physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, residents, occupational therapists, physical therapists, and all who provide care in emergency room, urgent care, and primary practice settings.
The Acute Management of Surgical Disease
by Martin D. Zielinski Oscar GuillamondeguiEmergency General Surgery has become a cornerstone of Acute Care Surgery over the past decade. Once the scope of community general surgeons, the growing complexity of patients with acute surgical diseases has increasingly driven their care to tertiary referral centers. The aging population confounds this problem further as these patients present with more complex comorbidities, life-threatening physiology, and progressively severe anatomic disease severity. To ensure better outcomes, the practice has evolved to focus on evidence-based practice management guidelines in order to standardize care and optimize outcomes.The purpose of this text is to be a comprehensive volume for patients with acute surgical diseases. There will be three sections, each comprised of multiple chapters. The first section will be a comprehensive analysis of the background of Emergency General Surgery. The goal of this section will be to provide the reader background into the acute surgical practice and to introduce the reader to the important concepts discussed in the remainder of the textbook. The second section will be the largest and will discuss specific acute surgical diseases. Individual chapters will outline the diagnostic approach, current treatment standards, operative approaches, and expected outcomes with an emphasis on practice management guideline implementation into practice. As acute surgical diseases and surgical critical care are integral to each other, the last section will be Critical Care for the Acute Care Surgeon. These topics will focus on the critical care concepts essential to surgeons who care for acute diseases.This comprehensive text is targeted to any surgeon who takes emergency call for any of the listed diseases including community and referral general and vascular surgeons. In addition, this would be an excellent resource for all general surgery residents. Lastly, this would also serve as a resource to intensivists who care for acute surgical patients.