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Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice
by Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Division on Earth and Life Studies National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics Board on Environmental Sciences and Toxicology Committee on Utilizing Advanced Environmental Health and Geospatial Data and Technologies to Inform Community InvestmentDecades of research have shown that disadvantaged communities exist at the intersection of high levels of hazard exposure and poverty. Geospatial environmental justice (EJ) tools, such as the White House Council on Environmental Quality-developed Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool (CEJST), are designed to integrate different kinds of health, social, environmental, and economic data to identify disadvantaged communities and to aid policy and investment decisions that address the pervasive, persistent, and largely unaddressed problems associated with environmental disparities in the United States. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice evaluates several EJ tools, including CEJST, and provides a conceptual framework and data strategy recommendations for developing the composite indicators that are the heart of geospatial EJ tools. An EJ tool that is transparent, legitimate, and has the trust of its users and the communities it represents is based on a structured iterative process that includes: a clear statement of tool objectives and definitions for the concepts being measured; the selection and integration of data and indicators; and assessment of robustness of the selected data and integration processes. Decisions regarding the tool should be iteratively informed by meaningful community engagement, validation to ensure tool results reflect real-world experiences, and careful and thorough documentation of all decision and data processes.
Climate Change and Human Migration: An Earth Systems Science Perspective: Proceedings of a Workshop
by Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Water Science and Technology Board Division on Earth and Life Studies Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and MedicineEarth systems science aims to discover and integrate knowledge on the structure, nature, and scales of interactions among natural (e.g., physical, chemical, and biological) and social (e.g., cultural, socioeconomic, and geopolitical) processes. Climate-related migration can be temporary or permanent, can involve internal displacement within countries or crossing international borders, and can involve a broad array of other direct and indirect drivers. To explore how an Earth systems science approach may be used to address climate change impacts and the consequent influence on human migration, the National Academies hosted a workshop, Climate Change and Human Migration: An Earth Systems Science Perspective, on March 18-19, 2024. Workshop presentations focused on the data, methods, and research strategies relevant to understanding climate-related migration. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
Social-Ecological Consequences of Future Wildfires and Smoke in the West: Proceedings of a Workshop
by Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Board on Environmental Change and Society Division on Earth and Life Studies National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and MedicineOver the past two decades, wildfires in western North America have greatly increased in frequency, magnitude and severity. Scientists have documented three main causes – a century of suppression and inadequate forest management that has led to overly dense, fuel-rich forests; climate change, turning woodlands and grasslands into hot, dry tinder boxes; and the spread of urbanization, increasing the probability of man-made ignitions. Less well known are the environmental and social implications associated with the acceleration of these trends. To explore these concerns and to identify possible policy responses, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Board on Environmental Change and Society, in partnership with the Royal Society of Canada, convened a workshop in June 2024, “The Social and Ecological Consequences of Future Wildfire in the West”. Over two days, two dozen wildfire experts and a hybrid audience of over 200 participants explored the history, current state, and anticipated future of wildfire science and policy across the western United States and Canada. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.
Flood Forecasting for Transportation Resilience: A Guide
by Transportation Research Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Ashley Gordon National Cooperative Highway Research Program Max Kipp Emily Mills Katie Gronsky Seth Lawler Mathew MamparaTransportation systems are exposed to a diverse range of hazards, with flooding being one of the most common and consequential. State departments of transportation (DOTs) may use flood forecasts to inform actions such as issuing internal flood-level notifications, directing field staff to flood locations, and issuing road closures. A flood-forecasting capability can help inform a proactive approach to managing flood impacts by supporting preparation for events, fast response times, and efficient use of resources. NCHRP Research Report 1131: Flood Forecasting for Transportation Resilience: A Guide, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, seeks to empower state DOTs with technical resources and organizational insights to better predict the timing and magnitude of flooding and enable advanced early warnings to help protect critical infrastructure and enhance roadway safety.
Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations: New Analysis and Strategies, Second Edition
by Transportation Research Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Airport Cooperative Research Program InterVISTAS ConsultingAirport access and circulation roadways, curbside roadways, and service roads are used by a wide variety of vehicles. The operating characteristics of airport terminal area roadways differ from those of non-airport roadways because of the high proportion of motorists who are unfamiliar with the airport as well as the presence of many professional drivers who use the airport frequently. ACRP Research Report 266: Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations: New Analysis and Strategies, Second Edition, from TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program, is an update of ACRP Report 40: Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations. It presents guidelines for estimating airport roadway requirements and capacities, recommended performance measures, valid and useful analytical methods, and innovative strategies to reduce traffic demands and mitigate congestion on terminal area and curbside roadway operations.
Agency Implementation of Alternative Contracting Methods
by Transportation Research Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine National Cooperative Highway Research Program Mounir El AsmarThe use of alternative contracting methods (ACMs) has accelerated the delivery of highway design and construction projects. Led by documented successes on large, high-profile projects such as I-15 in Utah, the Intercounty Connector in Maryland, and the Sellwood Bridge in Oregon, ACMs have resulted in shorter project delivery times with less disruption to the traveling public. The use of ACMs is becoming commonplace in projects by state departments of transportation, but not just for large projects. The information in this document builds on the three-volume NCHRP Research Report 939: Guidebooks for Post-Award Contract Administration for Highway Projects Delivered Using Alternative Contracting Methods. NCHRP Web-Only Document 421: Agency Implementation of Alternative Contracting Methods, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, aims to ensure agencies have the practical methods and tools to improve their ACM contract administration.
Data and Metrics for the DOD SBIR and STTR Programs: Proceedings of a Workshop
by Policy and Global Affairs Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and MedicineIn response to a congressional mandate, a committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine is conducting a review of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs at the Department of Defense (DOD). These programs, created in 1982 and 1992, respectively, and operated within the DOD and a number of other agencies within the federal government, encourage the participation by small business concerns in the federal research and development and procurement processes through competitively based awards. As part of its review of the DOD's SBIR/STTR programs, and in response to a request by the DOD, the present study committee held a workshop on December 7-8, 2023, entitled "Data and Metrics for the DOD SBIR and STTR Programs." The workshop was convened to facilitate the DOD's development of recurring, quantifiable metrics for measuring the ability of the SBIR and STTR programs to deliver products and services that meet the DOD's mission needs, while also informing the National Academies committee's overall study of the programs at the DOD. This proceedings of a workshop was prepared by a workshop rapporteur as a factual summary of what was presented and discussed at the workshop.
Statistical and Data-Driven Methods for Additive Manufacturing Qualification: Proceedings of a Workshop
by Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences National Materials and Manufacturing Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Board on Mathematical Sciences and AnalyticsAdditive manufacturing (AM), the process in which a three-dimensional (3D) object is built by adding subsequent layers of materials, enables novel material compositions and shapes, often without the need for specialized tooling. On March 11-13, 2024, the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics of the National Academies held a workshop on Statistical and Data-Driven Methods for Additive Manufacturing. The workshop brought together researchers from different AM communities, statisticians, data scientists, and AI/machine learning (ML) experts to examine approaches that enhance dimensional accuracy and dimensional stability; recent advances and future directions in statistics, data analytics, AI, and ML; and the issues associated with a rapid advance of AM material qualification and part certification.
Transit Agency Goals and Non-Traditional Performance Indicators Focused on Equity
by Transportation Research Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transit Cooperative Research Program Nishita Sinha Jarrod Butts Todd Hansen Zachary ElgartHistorically, ridership has been the primary way transit agencies have communicated their success and public value in making connections for community. Several transit agencies have shifted services and enhanced performance tracking in recent years in ways that relate to the inequities tied to race, ethnicity, national origin, physical ability, income, age, or gender. TCRP Synthesis 176: Transit Agency Goals and Non-Traditional Performance Indicators Focused on Equity from TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program, documents the current practice of transit systems using non-traditional indicators to measure and improve equity as it relates to service planning and the customer experience.
Pay and Working Conditions in the Long-Distance Truck and Bus Industries: Assessing for Effects on Driver Safety and Retention
by Committee on National Statistics Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Transportation Research Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Consensus and Advisory Studies Committee for a Study of the Impacts of Alternative Compensation Methods on Truck Driver Retention and Safety PerformanceFor-hire trucking—as opposed to in-house private carriers that transport the goods of their parent company—is a large and heterogeneous industry with considerable variability in carrier sizes, operational structures, and freight markets served. For this sector, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration should explore opportunities for leveraging research and data collection that may be planned and programmed for other purposes to help regulators, researchers, and industry examine the potential effects of driver compensation and work conditions on the safe driving behavior and performance of long-distance for-hire truck drivers. This is among the recommendations in TRB Special Report 355: Pay and Work Conditions in the Long-Distance Truck and Bus Industries: Assessing for Effects on Driver Safety and Retention, from the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The report examines—in response to a request from the U.S. Congress—the impacts of various methods of driver compensation on safety and driver retention, including hourly pay, payment for detention time, and other payment methods used in the industry.
Parks and Other Recreational Uses on Airport Property
by Transportation Research Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Airport Cooperative Research Program C. Daniel PratherAirports that have publicly accessible parks or other recreational use spaces on airport property have reported strengthening community relationships. ACRP Synthesis 137: Parks and Other Recreational Uses on Airport Property, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, describes the experiences of airports that provide airport property for publicly accessible parks and other recreational uses. This effort includes documenting the development, management, and operation of existing airport programs; the perceived benefits and risks of utilizing airport property for parks and recreational uses; and how these uses can support community goals.
A Plan to Promote Defense Research at Minority-Serving Institutions
by Policy and Global Affairs Board on Higher Education and Workforce National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on the Development of a Plan to Promote Defense Research at Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Tribal Colleges and Universities, Hispanic-Serving Institutions, and Other Minority-Serving Institutions André N. Porter Erin Lynch Andrea ChristelleEngaging the full breadth of talent in the United States is an important component of growing and sustaining dominance in research and development (R&D) and supporting national security into the future. By 2030, one-fifth of Americans will be above age 65 and at or nearing retirement from the workforce. Estimates of race and ethnic demographic changes between 2016 and 2030 show a decrease in the non-Hispanic white population and an increase in terms of both number and share of all other demographic groups, and this trend will continue to increase. These population shifts signal a citizenry and workforce that will be increasingly diverse. For the United States to maintain its global competitiveness and protect its security interests, targeted support is needed to cultivate talent from communities throughout the nation. The nation's more than 800 Minority-Serving Institutions (MSIs) provide an impactful and cost-effective opportunity to focus on cultivating the current and future U.S. population for careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), including in fields critical to the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). At the request of DOD, this report identifies tangible frameworks for increasing the participation of MSIs in defense-related research and development and identifies the necessary mechanisms for elevating minority serving institutions to R1 status (doctoral universities with very high research activity) on the Carnegie Classifications of Institutions of Higher Education scale.
NASA at a Crossroads: Maintaining Workforce, Infrastructure, and Technology Preeminence in the Coming Decades
by Space Studies Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on NASA Mission Critical Workforce, Infrastructure, and TechnologySince its formation more than 60 years ago, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has served as a global leader in science, aeronautics, and exploration, propelled technological innovation, and inspired youth to pursue careers in science and engineering, while often accomplishing the seemingly impossible. However, despite its critical and transformative role, NASA faces an uncertain future due to declining national investment as a percentage of gross domestic product and systemic issues that compromise its infrastructure, workforce, and capacity for technological innovation. As requested by Congress in the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened an independent expert committee to evaluate whether NASA’s current workforce, infrastructure, technological capabilities, and their interfaces can meet its strategic goals. NASA at a Crossroads: Maintaining Workforce, Infrastructure, and Technology Preeminence in the Coming Decades considers the critical facilities and emerging technologies necessary to fulfill NASA’s mission, as well as the workforce skills and organizational structure required to perform and support the work of the mission directorates, both now and in the future.
The State of the U.S. Biomedical and Health Research Enterprise: Strategies for Achieving a Healthier America
by The Learning Health System Series National Academy of Medicine Shannon Takala-Harrison Audrey M. HuangThe U.S. biomedical research enterprise has played a vital role in advancing science, human health, and the economy. It has contributed significantly to fields such as agriculture, environmental remediation, job creation, and technological innovation. Over the past 80 years, landmark achievements include reducing cancer mortality, developing HIV/AIDS treatments, sequencing the human genome, and creating vaccines that mitigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The enterprise has grown remarkably in less than a century and holds even greater potential for future success. However, its progress is hindered by a lack of high-level national coordination, a fragmented funding system, and a declining workforce. The State of the U.S. Biomedical and Health Research Enterprise: Strategies for Achieving a Healthier America addresses these challenges in five key areas–strategic vision, funding, health equity, coordination and convergence science, and workforce development–offering a roadmap that could be used to sustain U.S. leadership in global health.
Implementing Data Governance at Transportation Agencies: Volume 2: Communications Guide
by Transportation Research Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine National Cooperative Highway Research Program Llc Anything Awesome Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Spy Pond Partners, LLCData governance involves changing the mindset and behaviors of data managers, producers, and users across the organization. Therefore, communication is key to success of any data governance initiative. NCHRP Web-Only Document 419: Implementing Data Governance at Transportation Agencies, Volume 2: Communications Guide, from TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program, is a companion document to NCHRP Web-Only Document 419: Implementing Data Governance at Transportation Agencies, Volume 1: Implementation Guide.
Global Pathways to Net-Zero: Behavioral, Social, and Technological Research and Innovation Strategies for Transportation Decarbonization; Summary of the Seventh EU-U.S. Transportation Research Symposium: Proceedings of a Symposium
by Transportation Research Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Consensus and Advisory Studies DivisionThe climate crisis poses a threat to life on the planet, with human health, ecosystem, and economic impacts globally. These impacts are projected to worsen in the future, as greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and warming to date continues to produce adverse effects. For example, in 2022 alone, the United States experienced 18 separate billion-dollar weather and climate disasters, totaling $165.1 billion. With the transportation sector being a leading source of emissions, it is essential that immediate steps are taken to decarbonize transportation and to continue to invest in the research needed for our decarbonization commitments to be met. Global Pathways to Net-Zero: Behavioral, Social, and Technological Research and Innovation Strategies for Transportation Decarbonization: Summary of the Seventh EU-U.S. Transportation Research Symposium: Proceedings of a Symposium, from the Transportation Research Board, summarizes a symposium held June 11–12, 2024, in Washington, DC. It was hosted by the U.S. Department of Transportation, the European Commission, and TRB.
Nuclear Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies to Prevent, Counter, and Respond to Weapons of Mass Destruction
by Division on Earth and Life Studies Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Assessing and Improving Strategies for Preventing, Countering, and Responding to Weapons of Mass Destruction Terrorism: Nuclear ThreatsFor nearly eight decades, the world has been navigating the dangers of the nuclear age. Despite Cold War tensions and the rise of global terrorism, nuclear weapons have not been used in conflict since Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Efforts such as strategic deterrence, arms control and non-proliferation agreements, and the U.S.-led global counterterrorism have helped to keep nuclear incidents at bay. However, the nation’s success to date in countering nuclear terrorism does not come with a guarantee, success often carries the risk that other challenges will siphon away attention and resources and can lead to the perception that the threat no longer exists. This report found that U.S. efforts to counter nuclear or radiological terrorism are not keeping pace with the evolving threat landscape. The U.S. government should maintain a strategic focus and effort on combatting terrorism across the national security community in coordination with international partners, State, Local, Tribal and Territorial authorities, the National Laboratories, universities and colleges, and civil society. Developing and sustaining adequate nuclear incident response and recovery capabilities at the local and state levels will likely require significant new investments in resources and empowerment of local response from Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), working with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, and National Institutes of Health.
Developing a Strategy to Evaluate the National Climate Assessment
by Committee on National Statistics Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Board on Environmental Change and Society Division on Earth and Life Studies Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee to Develop a Strategy to Evaluate the National Climate AssessmentThe National Climate Assessment (NCA) is a report produced periodically by the United States Global Change Research Program that takes a comprehensive look at global climate change. Before release, it undergoes intensive review for technical accuracy. What has not been studied in-depth are the users and uses of the NCA, and how the report has informed decision-making. To support evaluation of stakeholder use of the NCA, the National Academies prepared a strategy for creating and implementing an evaluation design that can inform ongoing and future NCAs and related products. This can support a process of continuous improvement. The NCA serves a large number of audiences, and they vary in their needs and in access to climate information. An evaluation would benefit from understanding how the audiences for the NCA are interconnected through networks and how they use, modify, and transmit information from the report. The evaluation would also benefit by first creating a logic model to describe how the NCA is hypothesized to achieve its intended outcomes. The logic model can then be used to design a set of overarching evaluation questions, and to prioritize which audiences to target in the evaluation. Different research methods will be appropriate depending on the audience and the level of information available about the audience. Such an evaluation, taken in stages, can reveal the impact of federal climate science on decisions across the nation and help the USGCRP address any gaps and frailties in the NCA and related products and how they are communicated in the future.
Implementing Data Governance at Transportation Agencies: Volume 1: Implementation Guide
by Transportation Research Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine National Cooperative Highway Research Program Llc Anything Awesome Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Spy Pond Partners, LLCAs of 2023, two-thirds of the 51 state departments of transportation (DOTs) had established some form of agency-level data governance or were actively exploring setting up data governance in their agencies.; NCHRP Web-Only Document 419: Implementing Data Governance at Transportation Agencies, Volume 1: Implementation Guide, from TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program, draws upon lessons learned and successful practices of these early adopters.
Optimizing Recruitment and Admissions Strategies in Health Professions Education: Proceedings of a Workshop
by Board on Global Health Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine DivisionThe National Academies Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education hosted a hybrid public workshop in March 2024 to consider the use of admissions strategies for ensuring a sustainable, high-quality workforce that is adequately staffed, reflects the population being served, and is equitably distributed. Speakers explored the evidence supporting present and potential admissions processes and which metrics best track students’ professional outcomes after admissions.
Methods for Assigning Short-Duration Traffic Volume Counts to Adjustment Factor Groups to Estimate AADT
by Paul Anderson Transportation Research Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Anik Das National Cooperative Highway Research Program Shawn Turner Elizabeth Stolz Ben Chen Mark Hallenbeck Zihang Wei Ioannis TsapakisAnnual average daily traffic (AADT), which represents traffic on a typical day of the year, is used by transportation agencies for reporting requirements, allocating resources, informing decision-making, and supporting various agency functions. NCHRP Web-Only Document 406: Methods for Assigning Short-Duration Traffic Volume Counts to Adjustment Factor Groups to Estimate AADT, from TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program, is a supplement to NCHRP Research Report 1124: Guide on Methods for Assigning Counts to Adjustment Factor Groups
Engineering the Future for Sustainability: Measuring and Communicating Our Progress: Proceedings of a Forum
by National Academy of EngineeringThe theme of the 2023 annual meeting of the National Academy of Engineering, which was held in Washington, DC, on October 1-2, was "Engineering the Future for Sustainability." A highlight of the meeting was a plenary presentation entitled "Sustainability: The Defining Challenge and Opportunity of the 21st Century", which explored the vital contributions of engineers in the movement toward sustainability. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the plenary.
Failure Analysis of the Arecibo Observatory 305-Meter Telescope Collapse
by Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Analysis of Causes of Failure and Collapse of the 305-Meter Telescope at the Arecibo ObservatoryBuilding and operating cutting-edge, custom-designed research facilities presents unique challenges, where prior designs and experience may not be a reliable guide and unprecedented modes of failure can never be fully anticipated. In 2020, the National Science Foundation’s telescope at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico collapsed, impacting the work of the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center. Failure Analysis of the Arecibo Observatory 305-Meter Telescope Collapse analyzes the causes of the collapse through extensive review of prior forensic investigations, information gathering from employees at Arecibo Observatory, study of relevant research, consultations with other experts, and examination of structural analyses, engineering plans, inspection reports, photographs, and repair proposals. This report presents lessons learned and makes recommendations to help ensure the safe operation of other unique, critical science facilities.
Strategies to Enable Assured Access to Semiconductors for the Department of Defense
by Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Policy and Global Affairs National Materials and Manufacturing Board Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Global Microelectronics: Models for the Department of Defense in Semiconductor Public-Private PartnershipsSemiconductor chips power practically all electronic devices, from cellphones and vehicles to communications and defense systems essential for national security. The Department of Defense (DoD) uses a wide range of semiconductors for mission systems such as radars, sensors, and high-power-density electronics - but the U.S. is now strongly dependent on other nations for both commercial and defense semiconductor needs. At the request of Congress, this study addresses the challenges that DoD is experiencing as it engages with the global microelectronics sector and explores ways to engage with public-private partnerships to support assured production and innovation in the semiconductor industry. The recommendations of Strategies to Enable Assured Access to Semiconductors for the Department of Defense focus on long-term strategic coordination, investment in emerging technologies, leveraging of commercial advancements, and a modernization strategy that is nimble enough to incorporate emerging technologies and be responsive to global competition.
Response to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services CY 2025 Advanced Primary Care Hybrid Payment Request for Information
by Board on Health Care Services National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Committee on the Response to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services CY 2025 Advanced Primary Care Hybrid Payment Request for Information Marc Meisnere Ramon Cancino Alex H. KristOn July 10, 2024, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) issued a proposed rule on policy changes for Medicare payments under the physician fee schedule, and other Medicare Part B issues, effective on or after January 1, 2025. The announcement included a description of the proposed advanced primary care management (APCM) services and a request for information (RFI) regarding the proposed changes to CMS’ advanced primary care hybrid payment. This report responds to select questions from both the APCM section of the proposed rule and the RFI.