- Table View
- List View
Institutional Inertia: Theory and Evidence (Contributions to Economics)
by Nezameddin Faghih Ali Hussein SamadiThis edited volume explores the concept of institutional inertia and its relationship to economic growth and development. Including insights from experts across disciplines, chapters identify the types, causes and effects—both positive and negative—of institutional inertia. By questioning the types of institutional inertia that improve economic performance and impact the effectiveness of the state, as well as studying their role in the dynamics of institutional change, the volume attempts to trace and understand the different evolutionary paths of societies. Bridging important research gaps, this volume will be of use to students, researchers, and practitioners of institutional and evolutionary economics, development economics, management, and organizational theory.
Corruption Proofing in Africa: A Systems Thinking Approach (ISSN)
by Dan KuwaliThis book outlines evidence-based and data-driven strategies for combating grand corruption in Africa.Although the causes of corruption vary from country to country, this book suggests that corruption in Africa is often a direct consequence of poorly conceived legislation, policies, and institutional loopholes. The authors in this solution-oriented book converge in arguing that effective strategies to combat corruption (corruption proofing) should integrate an independent enforcement system, vigilant civil society, vibrant media, and political leadership. Utilising empirical evidence and a systems thinking approach, the contributors also uncover root causes of corruption and identify high-leverage interventions to prevent abuse of entrusted power for personal gain. The book recommends an integrated proactive strategy that includes top-down, bottom-up, and multi-stakeholder approaches in the implementation of anti-corruption legislation and policies. Bringing together multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary research, the chapters in this volume include case studies from selected countries on the continent, including Cameroon, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.Providing readers with a range of effective and functional initiatives in combating corruption in Africa, this book will be of interest to students and researchers of corruption, governance, ethics, peace and security, development, and African studies, as well as policymakers, practitioners, development partners, among other stakeholders.
Microbial Exopolysaccharides: Production and Applications
by Shashi Kant Bhatia Parmjit Singh Panesar Sanjeet MehariyaThis book offers a complete coverage of microbial refinery for exopolysaccharides (EPS) production, including genetic improvements, production techniques, biotechnological applications in food, cosmetics, health and environment sector, economic perspectives, and commercialization of EPS products. It focuses on exopolysaccharides production from an organism perspective to offer a complete picture from isolation of microbes to commercialization of EPS-based products. It covers strategies for EPS production and future perspectives and the potential of microbial refinery.Features: Provides a concise introduction to the science, biology, technology, and application of exopolysaccharides (EPS) Details upstream and downstream steps in EPS production from microbial resources Acts as a complete guide from production to commercialization Explores the potential application of EPS for socioeconomical benefits Discusses the EPS applications in food, cosmetics, health, and bioremediation approach for clean and sustainable development This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in fermentation technology, biochemical engineering, and biotechnology.
Rethinking Gothic Transgressions of Gender and Sexuality: New Directions in Gothic Studies (Routledge Studies in Speculative Fiction)
by Sarah Faber Kerstin-Anja MünderleinFrom early examples of queer representation in mainstream media to present-day dissolutions of the human-nature boundary, the Gothic is always concerned with delineating and transgressing the norms that regulate society and speak to our collective fears and anxieties.This volume examines British and American Gothic texts from four centuries and diverse media – including novels, films, podcasts, and games – in case studies which outline the central relationship between the Gothic and transgression, particularly gender(ed) and sexual transgression. This relationship is both crucial and constantly shifting, ever in the process of renegotiation, as transgression defines the Gothic and society redefines transgression. The case studies draw on a combination of well-studied and under-studied texts in order to arrive at a more comprehensive picture of transgression in the Gothic.Pointing the way forward in Gothic Studies, this original and nuanced combination of gendered, Ecogothic, queer, and media critical approaches addresses established and new scholars of the Gothic alike.
African Women Legends and the Spirituality of Resistance
by Musa W. Dube Telesia K. Musili Sylvia Owusu-AnsahThis volume focuses on African indigenous women legends and their potential to serve as midwives for gender empowerment and for contributing towards African feminist theories. It considers the intersection of gender and spirituality in subverting patriarchy, colonialism, anthropocentricism, and capitalism as well as elevating African women to the social space of speaking as empowered subjects with public influence. The chapters examine historical, cultural, and religious African women legends who became champions of liberation and their approach to social justice. The authors suggest that their stories of resistance hold great potential for building justice-loving Earth Communities. This book will be of interest to scholars of religion, gender studies, indigenous studies, African studies, African-indigenous knowledges, postcolonial studies, among others.
Marginalised Voices in Criminology
by Kelly J. Stockdale Michelle AddisonThis book is about people who are marginalised in criminology; it is an attempt to make space and amplify voices that are too often overlooked, spoken about, or for. In recognising the deep-seated structural inequalities that exist within criminal justice, higher education, and the field of criminology, we offer this text as a critical pause to the reader and invite you to reflect and consider within your studies and learning experience, your teaching, and your research: whose voices dominate, and whose are marginalised or excluded within criminology and why?This edited collection offers chapters from international criminology scholars, activists, and practitioners to bring together a range of perspectives that have been marginalised or excluded from criminological discourse. It considers both obscured and marginalised criminological theorists and schools of thought, presents alternative viewpoints on ‘traditional’ criminal justice themes, and considers how marginalisation is perpetuated through criminological research and criminological teaching. Engaging with debates on power, colonialism, identity, hegemony and privilege, and bringing together perspectives on gender, race and ethnicity, indigenous knowledge (s), queer and LGBTQ+ issues, disabilities, and class, this concise collection brings together key thinkers and ideas around concerns about epistemological supremacy.Marginalised Voices in Criminology is crucial reading for courses on criminological theory and concerns, diversity, gender, race, and identity.
Forensic Perspectives on Cybercrime: Human Behaviour and Cybersecurity (New Frontiers in Forensic Psychology)
by Peter J. Hills Terri Cole John McAlaneyForensic Perspectives on Cybercrime is the first book to combine the disciplines of cyberpsychology and forensic psychology, helping to define this emergent area. It explores the psychological factors that influence the behaviour of all those involved in cybersecurity, drawing upon the research literatures in relevant areas including forensic, social, and cyberpsychology.Written by leading figures in the field, the book provides an introduction to the cybercrime ecosystem, before discussing the psychological manipulation of targets through social engineering techniques and highlighting the unique threats that this type of attack presents. The reasons why people become involved in hacking are explored, and the authors review research literature on risk factors of being a victim of cybercrime, along with the concept of resilience. Behaviour change and prevention strategies are also evaluated, as well as the role of emergent technologies such as artificial intelligence and what this may mean for the role of humans in cybersecurity. Case studies and real-world examples are woven throughout to illustrate key issues, opportunities, and challenges.This unique text is a must-read for students undertaking any degree that relates to behaviour and cybersecurity, including psychology, computing, law, and business management. It is also highly relevant to researchers, practitioners, and policymakers who work in cybersecurity and/or have an interest in empowering people to be safe online.
Contemporary Marketing and Consumer Behaviour in Sustainable Tourism (Routledge Critical Studies in Tourism, Business and Management)
by Maria Palazzo Pantea ForoudiThis book delves into contemporary trends in consumer behaviour and marketing strategies in the field of sustainable tourism. It explores effective promotion methods for sustainable tourism development, emphasizing the involvement of various stakeholders such as communities, local residents, visitors, organizations and governments.With an international perspective, this interdisciplinary book specifically examines the human aspects of environmental change, covering topics like smart growth; heritage; place identity, place image, and reputation; technology and innovation; life-cycle thinking and circular economy; waste management; ecosystems and global change; transitions to low-carbon economy; etc. The book raises several original research questions about the essential nature of sustainable tourism in the post-pandemic era, aiming to fill knowledge gaps and drive transformative change. Offering a blend of theoretical insights and practical case studies, this book is valuable for students, researchers and academics in business management, marketing, communication and tourism, as well as for managers and decision-makers.
Muslim Diaspora in Britain: Identity and Transnationalism among South Asian Muslim Communities
by Sabah KhanThis book explores the idea of Muslim diaspora in context of Muslim communities in the United Kingdom. It critically looks at the notion of ummah and presents a comprehensive account of South Asian Muslims in London. Employing qualitative research methods and drawing on extensive fieldwork, it delves into the identification and transnational connections of Muslims in Britain. It shows the ways in which religious identity, practices and experiences may instigate diasporas focusing on South Asian Muslims in London — Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi Muslims — who account for 3.6 per cent of the total population. Further, the inter as well as intra group dynamics and studies how Muslims of different ethnic background settled in the same geo-political context engage with the notion of ummah. The volume will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of religion, especially Islam, politics, British studies and South Asian studies.
Forced Migration across Mexico: Organized Violence, Migrant Struggles, and Life Trajectories (Routledge Studies in Development, Mobilities and Migration)
by Ximena Alba Villalever Stephanie Schütze Ludger Pries Oscar Calderón MorillónThis book analyzes the different ways in which forced migration comes together with organized violence in the Americas, focusing specifically on the migration corridor from Central America, through Mexico and on to the United States. No matter their starting point, most South and Central American migrants to the United States must eventually traverse Mexico, and often many other borders beforehand, to reach their destination. As border controls tighten, for many migrants turning back is not a possibility, or something they desire. And so, when faced with hardening policies, migrants are often forced into situations of increased violence and precarity, without a shift in their ultimate objective. This book analyzes the complex social situations of everyday violence, and increasingly aggressive border controls, which face migrants in Mexico, as well as their exposure to a different kind of violence during their migration trajectory through the criminal actors such as gangs, cartels, and corrupt law enforcements that seek to make a profit from them. The book takes a critical approach on migration policies and on the externalization of borders by analyzing their effects on the trajectories and experiences of migrants themselves. It shows that the more migrants’ opportunities and rights during transit are hindered, the more they are at risk of exposure to these actors. Foregrounding the voices of migrants, this book offers fresh insights into debates surrounding migration, politics, international relations, and anthropology in the Americas.
Microextraction Techniques: Fundamentals, Applications and Recent Developments (Integrated Analytical Systems)
by Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez Antonio V. Herrera-HerreraThis book presents detailed descriptions of the most relevant sorbent based and solvent-based microextraction techniques. The development of such miniaturised techniques is an important focus area in Green Analytical Chemistry as it allows for the reduction of toxic solvents and hazardous substances and decreases the complexity, cost, and time of analytical procedures. Numerous advances have been made in this field, and currently, there are a great number of microextraction techniques thanks to the development of novel materials such as nanomaterials and green solvents. This book provides an overview of the two main groups of microextractions, sorbent-based, and solvent-based. Each chapter focuses on the description of the technique fundamentals, the main applications, and the novel developments carried out in recent years written by a renowned expert or group of experts in the field. The main audience will be graduates, postgraduates, and researchers. It is also a useful resource for Master and Ph.D. students that are working in the development of sustainable extraction techniques
Muscle Revolution: Concepts and Recipes for Building Muscle Mass and Force
by Marco ToigoHow to Effectively and Efficiently Build Muscle Mass and Muscle ForceIn this informative as well as practical book based on the latest integrative muscle research, Marco Toigo, PhD, describes which factors are crucial to successfully build muscle mass and muscle force through resistance training. In addition, he presents the practical and science-based consequences for your training and nutritional behavior with a focus on protein intake. This work thus offers both a practical guide and a scientific explanation of the "why" and "how" of effective and efficient resistance training.This book is the English version of the very successful 2nd German edition of “MuskelRevolution“ (ISBN: 978-3-662-54764-9). The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content.
Advances and New Trends in Environmental Informatics 2023: Sustainable Digital Society (Progress in IS)
by Volker Wohlgemuth Dieter Kranzlmüller Maximilian HöbThis book is an outcome of the 37th International Conference EnviroInfo 2023, held at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (Munich, Germany), organized by the technical committee for Environmental Informatics of the German Informatics Society. It explores the fusion of information and communication technologies with environmental sustainability. As a flagship edition of the EnviroInfo conference series, it showcases the latest advancements in applied informatics and environmental informatics. With a focus on "Towards a Sustainable Digital Society," the conference presents innovative research on topics such as green computing, sustainable software engineering, and digital transformation. The proceedings cover essential subjects for shaping a greener future, including energy-efficient workloads, environmental management systems, legal frameworks, Earth observation, and geographical information systems. It also examines emerging technologies like robotics, AI, and reinforcement learning, highlighting their applications in environmental informatics. From citizen science to disaster risk modeling and sustainable resource management, the book explores the interdisciplinary nature of environmental informatics. It also addresses societal aspects, including its role in developing countries. This resource is essential for researchers, professionals, and policymakers seeking to leverage ICT for addressing environmental challenges and building a sustainable digital society.
Trauma Computed Tomography
by Friedrich KnollmannThis book covers the use of computed tomography in trauma care. Over the last two decades, advancements in CT technology have significantly changed the technique and utilization patterns of computed tomography in trauma imaging. This book covers the entire spectrum of this application, structured by organ systems/body areas, corresponding to the subject structure and practice pattern of large academic radiology departments in the US. As a result, the reader benefits from the most advanced currently available sub-specialty expertise in the performance and interpretation of trauma CT studies. The book is intended to serve as an introduction to the subject as well as a reference to the trauma radiologist. Since current post graduate education in radiology does not offer any formally regulated fellowship training in this area, fellowship trained radiologists are typically not trained to cover the entire spectrum of trauma imaging that the practitioner may encounter when covering call assignments, especially outside of highly subspecialized academic medical centers. This book is intended to fill a need to provide subspecialized trauma CT training by integrating contributions from all involved radiology subspecialties in a single volume. This is an ideal guide for radiology residents, fellows, practicing radiologists, trauma surgeons, emergency medicine specialists, surgery residents and fellows, and interested medical students.
Geschäftsanbahnung in China: Chinas neue Businessumgebung verstehen und nutzen
by Wolfgang Kohl Xueli RenDie schnell voranschreitende Digitalisierung in allen Bereichen hat China zu deutlichen Innovationsvorsprüngen auch im Marketing und Vertrieb verholfen. Gegenwärtig ist China der zweitgrößte Konsumgütermarkt der Welt und der größte Online-Einzelhandelsmarkt. Chinesische Verbraucher spielen bei der Akzeptanz neuer Technologien und Trends eine Vorreiterrolle. Parallel dazu bauen sie ein eigenes Serviceverständnis auf. Für Firmen und Akteure ändern sich die Rahmenbedingungen im China-Geschäft auch durch die in den letzten Jahren begonnenen und weiter andauernden Neuregulierungen in einer Vielzahl von Bereichen. Damit wird eine Aktualisierung der rechtlichen und steuerlichen Hinweise für die Geschäftsentwicklung in China unumgänglich.Dieses Fachbuch bietet eine aktuelle, pragmatische und umfassende Einführung, die ein grundlegendes Verständnis für den chinesische Markt schaffen möchte. Von der Ausdehnung des Landes über die Determinanten der Wirtschaftspolitik in den kommenden Jahren, dem besseren Verständnis von chinesischen Konsumenten und dem Markt hin zu Ansätzen für die Markterschließung wird den Lesern eine übersichtliche Anleitung an die Hand gegeben, wie man sich als interessiertes Unternehmen China nähern kann.
International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Systems for Sustainable Development: Advanced Intelligent Systems on Digital Health Technology, Volume 1 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #904)
by Mostafa Ezziyyani Janusz Kacprzyk Valentina Emilia BalasThis book encapsulates the innovative discussions held during the International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Systems for Sustainable Development (AI2SD'2023), which took place at Mohammed 6 University of Sciences and Health Casablanca, Morocco. This book delves into the multifaceted realm of advanced intelligent systems, specifically focusing on digital health technology. The book offers a comprehensive exploration of cutting-edge research and breakthroughs in this dynamic field, providing a holistic perspective on the latest advancements. Within these pages, you will find papers covering an array of captivating topics, including AI-driven diagnostics, wearable health devices, predictive analytics in health care, and much more. Each contribution delves into the synergy of intelligent systems and digital health, showcasing how these technologies intertwine to shape the future of healthcare. Designed for researchers, practitioners, and enthusiasts alike, this book serves as an invaluable resource for staying updated on the latest trends and developments in the intersection of advanced intelligent systems and digital health technology. Whether you are seeking to broaden your knowledge or seeking practical insights, this book caters to a diverse readership eager to harness the potential of these innovative domains.
Oilscapes of Louisiana: Neopragmatic Reflections on the Ambivalent Aesthetics of Landscape Constructions (RaumFragen: Stadt – Region – Landschaft)
by Olaf Kühne Lara Koegst Karsten BerrOilscapes are to be understood as an aestheticized synthesis of objects of extraction, distribution, processing, and consumption of petroleum and petroleum-derived products. Based on the concept of neopragmatic landscape research, this book addresses questions of the social construction of the relationship between the petrochemical industry and the landscape, as well as individual interpretations and evaluations in this regard. The particular focus is on exploring the possibilities and limits of aesthetic experience of oilscapes as well as the categorizations, interpretations, and evaluations of these aesthetic outcomes. In recourse to the neopragmatic tradition, to the thinking of Richard Rorty, the engagement with ‘sensory induced cognition' is carried out from the stance of irony, directed in particular at the discourse community possessing 'expert special knowledge', with a special focus on methods of representation that are innovative in the context of spatial science. The study area for assessing this approach is Louisiana (United States), which – being spatially quite diverse – has been intensively shaped for more than a century by the activities of the petrochemical industry, as well as its unintended health and ecological side effects.
Artificial Intelligence: Third CAAI International Conference, CICAI 2023, Fuzhou, China, July 22–23, 2023, Revised Selected Papers, Part I (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #14473)
by Lu Fang Jian Pei Guangtao Zhai Ruiping WangThis two-volume set LNAI 14473-14474 constitutes revised selected papers presented at the Third CAAI International Conference, CICAI 2023, in Fuzhou, China, in July 2023. CICAI is a summit forum in the field of artificial intelligence and the 2023 forum was hosted by Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence (CAAI). The 100 papers were thoroughly reviewed and selected from 376 submissions. CICAI 2023 conference covers a wide range of of AI generated content, computer vision, machine learning, nature language processing, application of AI, and data mining, amongst others.
15th International Congress on Agricultural Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture: ANKAgEng’2023 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering #458)
by Eugenio Cavallo Fernando Auat Cheein Francesco Marinello Kamil Saçılık Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan Purushothaman C. AbhilashThis volume highlights the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of agricultural technologies engineering, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the 15th International Congress on Agricultural Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture (ANKAgEng), held in Antalya, Turkey on October 29 – November 1, 2022. It covers a diverse range of topics such as machinery and energy systems, agriculture information technologies, digital-smart agriculture, ergonomics, health & safety, system engineering, post-harvest technologies & process engineering, sustainable agriculture, natural resources & environmental systems, plant, animal & facility systems, agricultural engineering education and biosystems engineering. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, present a wealth of exciting ideas that will open novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists.
Lectures on Imagination
by Paul RicoeurRicoeur’s theory of productive imagination in previously unpublished lectures. The eminent philosopher Paul Ricoeur was devoted to the imagination. These previously unpublished lectures offer Ricoeur’s most significant and sustained reflections on creativity as he builds a new theory of imagination through close examination, moving from Aristotle, Pascal, Spinoza, Hume, and Kant to Ryle, Price, Wittgenstein, Husserl, and Sartre. These thinkers, he contends, underestimate humanity’s creative capacity. While the Western tradition generally views imagination as derived from the reproductive example of the image, Ricoeur develops a theory about the mind’s power to produce new realities. Modeled most clearly in fiction, this productive imagination, Ricoeur argues, is available across conceptual domains. His theory provocatively suggests that we are not constrained by existing political, social, and scientific structures. Rather, our imaginations have the power to break through our conceptual horizons and remake the world.
Aesthetics in Grief and Mourning: Philosophical Reflections on Coping with Loss
by Kathleen Marie HigginsA philosophical exploration of aesthetic experience during bereavement. In Aesthetics of Grief and Mourning, philosopher Kathleen Marie Higgins reflects on the ways that aesthetics aids people experiencing loss. Some practices related to bereavement, such as funerals, are scripted, but many others are recursive, improvisational, mundane—telling stories, listening to music, and reflecting on art or literature. Higgins shows how these grounding, aesthetic practices can ease the disorienting effects of loss, shedding new light on the importance of aesthetics for personal and communal flourishing.
Math Magic class 4 - NCERT - 23
by National Council of Educational Research and TrainingThe NCERT book "Maths Class 4" serves as a comprehensive and engaging resource for fourth-grade students, aiming to foster a strong foundation in mathematics. The book covers fundamental mathematical concepts in a systematic and child-friendly manner, catering to the developmental needs of young learners. Through a combination of illustrative examples, colorful visuals, and interactive exercises, the book encourages students to explore mathematical principles with curiosity and confidence. Topics span from basic arithmetic operations to geometry, measurement, and data handling, ensuring a well-rounded understanding of mathematical concepts. The clear and concise explanations, coupled with practical applications, make this book an invaluable tool for both teachers and students, promoting a positive and enjoyable learning experience in the realm of mathematics for fourth graders.
Harmonia no Casamento
by Dada BhagwanAo longo da vida, mesmo em lares felizes, é natural encontrar problemas no casamento. Mas, para alguns, pode-se dizer que o relacionamento entre marido e mulher é a própria definição de conflito! No livro "Harmony in Marriage" (Harmonia no casamento), Gnani Purush (personificação do autoconhecimento) Dada Bhagwan fornece dicas de relacionamento espiritual relacionadas à manutenção de um casamento harmonioso. Ele oferece conselhos sobre casamento em resposta a perguntas como: "Como resolver conflitos em meu casamento?", "Como me adaptar ao meu parceiro de casamento?" e até mesmo "Como salvar um casamento?" Param Pujya Dadashri também oferece orientação matrimonial na forma de habilidades espirituais de resolução de conflitos e estratégias de resolução de conflitos. Seus ensinamentos sobre a resolução de conflitos nos relacionamentos familiares são oferecidos no contexto dos desafios comuns e cotidianos do casamento. Em meio à grande quantidade de livros espirituais disponíveis atualmente, este livro será um recurso inestimável.
Hoysaleshwara Vishnuvardhana: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳೇಶ್ವರ ವಿಷ್ಣುವರ್ಧನ
by Ta. Ra. Suಇದು ಭಾರತದ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಕೆಳಮಟ್ಟದ ಆಡಳಿತಗಾರರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬನಾದ "ವಿಷ್ಣುವರ್ಧನ" ಕುರಿತು ತಾ ರಾ ಸು ಬರೆದ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ. ಈ ನೆಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಂದೂ ಮತ್ತು ತಮಿಳನ್ನು ಹೇರಿದ ಚೋಳ ರಾಜರು ವಶಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಂಡ ಭೂಮಿಯನ್ನು ಮರಳಿ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು ಈ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ. ಇದು ಮೂಲತಃ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಭಾರತದ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಕೇಂದ್ರವಾಗಲು ಹೊಯ್ಸಳರ ಪ್ರಯಾಣವನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.
Bhugolashastra - Karnataka Board: ಭೂಗೋಳಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ (ಪ್ರಕೃತಿಕ ಭೂಗೋಳಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಮೂಲಾಂಶಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಭರತದ ಪ್ರಾಕೃತಿಕ ಪರಿಯಾರ)
by Padavi Poorva Shikshana Ilaakheಇದು ಪ್ರಥಮ ಪಿಯುಸಿ ಭೂಗೋಳ ಕನ್ನಡ ಮಾಧ್ಯಮದ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಪುಸ್ತಕವಾಗಿದೆ.