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Quantifying the Impacts of Delayed Maintenance of Airport Assets: A Guide
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Airport Cooperative Research Program Ghada G. Gad Dawn S. Ward William Robert Williams Brian Aho Scott Murrell Pramen P. ShresthaPreventive maintenance is crucial to help improve and extend the life cycle of airport facilities, systems, and components. An asset management plan implements preventive maintenance and allows an asset to reach its maximum life cycle or service life without a reactive approach. ACRP Research Report 273: Quantifying the Impacts of Delayed Maintenance of Airport Assets: A Guide, from TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program, provides a framework, process, and tools designed to help airports manage their budgets and assets by quantifying the impact of delayed preventive maintenance.
Regulatory Processes for Rare Disease Drugs in the United States and European Union: Flexibilities and Collaborative Opportunities
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Sciences Policy Committee on Processes to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Drugs for Rare Diseases or Conditions in the United States and the European UnionRare diseases, such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia, affect up to 30 million people in the United States and at least 300 million across the globe. Congress called on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to sponsor a National Academies study on processes for evaluating the safety and efficacy of drugs for rare diseases or conditions in the United States and the European Union. The resulting report provides recommendations for enhancing and promoting rare disease drug development by improving engagement with people affected by a rare disease, advancing regulatory science, and fostering collaboration between FDA and the European Medicines Agency.
Envisioning the Future of U.S. Airports
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Airport Cooperative Research Program Steven W. Popper Loup-Giang Nguyen Zara Abdurahaman Richard E. Barone Gaël Le Bris Benjamin M. Miller Liisa EcolaOver the next several decades, airports must confront diverse challenges that span factors such as operations, environmental sustainability, and integration with broader intercity and local transportation networks. Furthermore, airports must confront these challenges within the context of their local communities; airports are expected to be economic engines, good neighbors, and resilient in response to natural or man-made disasters. ACRP Research Report 271: Envisioning the Future of U.S. Airports, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, is based on a visioning exercise conducted with a wide variety of airport stakeholders and identifies potential future outcomes and the issues and challenges that will need to be addressed to achieve the desired future.
Strategic Report on Research and Development in Biotechnology for Defense Innovation
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Earth and Life Studies Board on Life Sciences Committee on Biotechnology Capabilities for National Security Needs—Leveraging Advances in Transdisciplinary BiotechnologyAt the request of the National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology, Strategic Report on Research and Development in Biotechnology for Defense Innovation provides an overview of the current landscape of artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML)-enabled biotechnology, the opportunities it presents, and the challenges it poses. This report offers a strategic vision for connecting scientists and technologists to build on, leverage, and tailor advances at the intersection of AI/ML, automated experimentation, and biotechnology to drive innovation in defense-related biotechnologies. Strategic Report on Research and Development in Biotechnology for Defense Innovation makes recommendations to address long-standing challenges that have limited research, development, prototyping, testing and evaluation, and eventual use of biotechnologies. Addressing these challenges will help to advance U.S. national security and defense by improving the performance of existing capabilities, enabling the creation of domestic supply chains of valuable products, reducing reliance on processes and chemicals that are harmful to the environment, and/or adding new capabilities not currently possible with established technologies.
Social-Ecological Consequences of Future Wildfires and Smoke in the West: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Earth and Life Studies Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources Board on Environmental Change and SocietyOver the past two decades, wildfires in western North America have greatly increased in frequency, magnitude and severity. Scientists have documented three main causes – a century of suppression and inadequate forest management that has led to overly dense, fuel-rich forests; climate change, turning woodlands and grasslands into hot, dry tinder boxes; and the spread of urbanization, increasing the probability of man-made ignitions. Less well known are the environmental and social implications associated with the acceleration of these trends. To explore these concerns and to identify possible policy responses, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Board on Environmental Change and Society, in partnership with the Royal Society of Canada, convened a workshop in June 2024, “The Social and Ecological Consequences of Future Wildfire in the West”. Over two days, two dozen wildfire experts and a hybrid audience of over 200 participants explored the history, current state, and anticipated future of wildfire science and policy across the western United States and Canada. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.
National Science, Technology, and Security Roundtable Capstone: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Policy and Global Affairs National Science, Technology, and Security RoundtableThe National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s National Science, Technology, and Security Roundtable (NSTSR) was called for in the Fiscal Year 2020 National Defense Authorization Act to bring together individuals from federal research agencies, intelligence, law enforcement, academic research, and business communities to explore critical issues related to protecting U.S. national and economic security while ensuring the open exchange of ideas and the international talent required for American leadership in science and technology. Since the first meeting of the NSTSR in 2020, there have been numerous discussions around the topic of research security among policymakers and affected communities, and the policy landscape has continued to evolve. The NSTSR played a role in these discussions, and to capture what was learned and explore potential future directions, a Capstone Workshop was held on July 16 and 17, 2024. Discussions over the 2 days of the workshop included observations by participants about the nature of the challenge of research security in the United States, reflections on actions that the United States has taken on research security to date, and possible future directions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
Optimizing Recruitment and Admissions Strategies in Health Professions Education: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Global Health Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional EducationThe National Academies Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education hosted a hybrid public workshop in March 2024 to consider the use of admissions strategies for ensuring a sustainable, high-quality workforce that is adequately staffed, reflects the population being served, and is equitably distributed. Speakers explored the evidence supporting present and potential admissions processes and which metrics best track students’ professional outcomes after admissions.
Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory: A Primer
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Airport Cooperative Research Program Rs H Cascadia Consulting Group Gresham Smith IcfAirport operators prepare greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventories to better understand their emissions profile, set more informed goals, monitor performance, and communicate their progress toward meeting environmental goals to key stakeholders. ACRP Web-Only Document 63: Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory: A Primer, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, is an update to ACRP Report 11: Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories and provides recommended practices for airport operators to account for and manage airport GHG emissions. While all airports can use Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory: A Primer, it will be particularly helpful for operators of small to mid-size airports.
Assessing Climate Change Vulnerability at Airports: A Primer
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Airport Cooperative Research Program Rs H Cascadia Consulting Group Gresham Smith IcfFuture weather events at airports will likely look different from what is experienced today because of a changing climate. ACRP Web-Only Document 64: Assessing Climate Change Vulnerability at Airports: A Primer, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, is intended for use by airport decisionmakers, operators, planners, and consultants interested in assessing the vulnerability of airports to the impacts of climate change. The document updates ACRP Report 147: Climate Change Adaptation Planning: Risk Assessment for Airports and ACRP Report 160: Addressing Significant Weather Impacts on Airports: Quick Start Guide and Toolkit.
Accommodating Peer-to-Peer Carsharing at Airports: A Guide
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Airport Cooperative Research Program Adam Cohen Susan Shaheen Christina Marshall Melissa Allison Rhona DiCamillo Ernest Choi Peter MandlePeer-to-peer (P2P) carsharing companies allow customers to reserve, pick up, and return a motor vehicle (most commonly owned by an individual) through a company-provided app for a fee. While P2P carsharing continues to grow across the United States, information on the nature of this activity at airports and how it affects revenue, operations, safety, and facilities is limited. ACRP Research Report 274: Accommodating Peer-to-Peer Carsharing at Airports: A Guide, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, provides airport practitioners with suggested practices for accommodating P2P carsharing companies.
Data and Metrics for the DOD SBIR and STTR Programs: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Policy and Global Affairs Board on Science, Technology, and Economic PolicyIn response to a congressional mandate, a committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine is conducting a review of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs at the Department of Defense (DOD). These programs, created in 1982 and 1992, respectively, and operated within the DOD and a number of other agencies within the federal government, encourage the participation by small business concerns in the federal research and development and procurement processes through competitively based awards. As part of its review of the DOD's SBIR/STTR programs, and in response to a request by the DOD, the present study committee held a workshop on December 7-8, 2023, entitled "Data and Metrics for the DOD SBIR and STTR Programs." The workshop was convened to facilitate the DOD's development of recurring, quantifiable metrics for measuring the ability of the SBIR and STTR programs to deliver products and services that meet the DOD's mission needs, while also informing the National Academies committee's overall study of the programs at the DOD. This proceedings of a workshop was prepared by a workshop rapporteur as a factual summary of what was presented and discussed at the workshop.
Response to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services CY 2025 Advanced Primary Care Hybrid Payment Request for Information
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Care Services Committee on the Response to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services CY 2025 Advanced Primary Care Hybrid Payment Request for Information Marc Meisnere Ramon Cancino Alex H. KristOn July 10, 2024, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) issued a proposed rule on policy changes for Medicare payments under the physician fee schedule, and other Medicare Part B issues, effective on or after January 1, 2025. The announcement included a description of the proposed advanced primary care management (APCM) services and a request for information (RFI) regarding the proposed changes to CMS’ advanced primary care hybrid payment. This report responds to select questions from both the APCM section of the proposed rule and the RFI.
Developing a Planning and Evaluation Guide for Active Traffic Management Strategies
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board National Cooperative Highway Research Program Maya Bouchet Lisa Burgess Srinivasa Sunkari Kevin Balke Ioannis Tsapakis Jeffrey Shelton Margaret Fowler Robert Brydia Beverly KuhnActive traffic management (ATM) has been a rapidly evolving concept, creating a need to provide guidelines to agencies considering these operational strategies for their jurisdictions. NCHRP Web-Only Document 402: Developing a Planning and Evaluation Guide for Active Traffic Management Strategies, is a supplemental document to NCHRP Research Report 1120: Active Traffic Management Strategies: A Planning and Evaluation Guide and updates and enhances the previously developed draft guide for planning and evaluating ATM for recurrent and nonrecurrent conditions. Two additional products are also available: a PowerPoint presentation providing an overview of the project and an Implementation Plan.
Incorporating Shock Events into Aviation Demand Forecasting and Airport Planning
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Airport Cooperative Research Program Christopher Greer Ian KincaidThe COVID-19 pandemic has made clear the vulnerability of aviation and other industries to shock events. While the pandemic is one of the largest events to impact the aviation industry, other previous shock events have also exerted profound impacts on the aviation industry. ACRP Research Report 272: Incorporating Shock Events into Aviation Demand Forecasting and Airport Planning, from TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program, provides a methodology to assist airports in identifying and describing relevant shock events, understanding their potential impact on various aspects of the airport business, and developing approaches and strategies to enable the airport to better withstand and respond to shock events if they occur.
Methods of Airport Arts Program Management
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Airport Cooperative Research Program Holli Kreinbring Melissa L. NemonAirport arts programs benefit passengers, stakeholders, and airports by displaying visually appealing exhibits through the airport journey that can highlight the airport and provide cultural education about the area. ACRP Synthesis 135: Methods of Airport Arts Program Management, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, describes management methods that airports and their arts program administrators use to implement, operate, and manage their programs.
Legal Considerations for General Aviation Lease Development at Airports
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Airport Cooperative Research Program Timothy R. KaraskiewiczThere are many types of general aviation (GA) users that have leases with commercial service and GA airports. These include aeronautical service providers, corporate flight departments and other aircraft owners, and other users such as cargo, charter, and fuel farms. ACRP Legal Research Digest 46: Legal Considerations for General Aviation Lease Development at Airports, from TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program, provides background on relevant legal issues, analysis of 16 GA lease terms, and a list of issues that can arise during negotiations.
Capturing the Durability of High Recycled Binder Ratio Asphalt Mixtures
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board National Cooperative Highway Research Program Gayle King Biswajit Kumar Bairgi Madhav Verma Carolina Rodezno Raquel Moraes Fan Yin Nam Tran Santosh Reddy Kommidi Yong-Rak Kim Juliana Montañez Gil Edith Arámbula Mercado Amy Epps MartinSignificant economic and environmental benefits provide motivation to use more recycled asphalt materials in asphalt mixtures. NCHRP Research Report 1130: Capturing the Durability of High Recycled Binder Ratio Asphalt Mixtures, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, provides a framework to facilitate the design of durable asphalt mixtures within the context of balanced mix design (BMD).
Data Fusion of Probe and Point Sensor Data: A Guide
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board National Cooperative Highway Research Program Michael PackData fusion is the process of integrating multiple data sources to produce more consistent, accurate, and comprehensive information than that provided by any individual data source. State departments of transportation (DOTs) are seeking to define the types and characteristics of data for entry into data fusion engines to help forecast travel time, speed, reliability, and other aspects of operational performance on roadway networks. NCHRP Research Report 1127: Data Fusion of Probe and Point Sensor Data: A Guide, from TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program, is a guide to facilitate data fusion and improve data reporting to support traffic management at state DOTs.
AI Applications for Automatic Pavement Condition Evaluation
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board National Cooperative Highway Research Program Vivek Jha Jose R. Medina Sarah E. Lopez Linda M. PierceDepartments of transportation (DOTs) use pavement condition surveys to assess current pavement conditions and predict future pavement conditions to determine the type and timing of maintenance and rehabilitation treatments; define future budget needs; and develop, or refine, pavement performance models. Over the last two decades, pavement condition assessment has transitioned from manual to semiautomated to fully automated pavement condition surveys. NCHRP Synthesis 636: AI Applications for Automatic Pavement Condition Evaluation, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, documents state DOT automated pavement distress identification and the use of artificial intelligence technologies to evaluate pavement conditions.
Exploring Airport Employee Commuting and Transportation Needs
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Airport Cooperative Research Program C. Daniel PratherAirports face challenges recruiting and maintaining their workforce, and one reason is the employee commute. Airports are typically located further from residential areas and city centers, which can contribute to employee commuting time, method, and cost. ACRP Synthesis 136: Exploring Airport Employee Commuting and Transportation Needs, from TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program, describes how airport employees commute to and from work and how airports are seeking to influence employee transportation decisions.
Nantucket Shoals Wind Farm Field Monitoring Program
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Earth and Life Studies Ocean Studies Board Committee on Evaluation of Hydrodynamic Modeling and Implications for Offshore Wind Development: Nantucket ShoalsA 2024 consensus report of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine titled Potential Hydrodynamic Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy on Nantucket Shoals Regional Ecology: An Evaluation from Wind to Whales, examined the potential for offshore wind farms in the Nantucket Shoals region to affect oceanic physical processes and in turn impact ecosystem dynamics, including zooplankton productivity and aggregations relevant to right whale foraging and population health. Among other recommendations, the report outlined the need for observational and modeling efforts to fill knowledge gaps and inform decision-making regarding wind energy development and operations in the region. To delve further into specifically what observational and monitoring activities could best meet these needs, the National Academies hosted a follow-on workshop, entitled Field Monitoring Program to Evaluate Hydrodynamic Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy on Nantucket Shoals Regional Ecology: A Workshop, July 9-10, 2024 in Washington, DC. The workshop brought together participants from academia, government, and the offshore wind industry to explore examples of observational needs and discuss components of a field monitoring program that could help to advance models for elucidating the potential effects of wind energy development on Nantucket Shoals ecology. This Proceedings of a Workshop was prepared by rapporteurs as a high-level summary of what occurred at the workshop.
Flood Forecasting for Transportation Resilience: A Guide
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board National Cooperative Highway Research Program Max Kipp Emily Mills Ashley Gordon Katie Gronsky Seth Lawler Mathew MamparaTransportation systems are exposed to a diverse range of hazards, with flooding being one of the most common and consequential. State departments of transportation (DOTs) may use flood forecasts to inform actions such as issuing internal flood-level notifications, directing field staff to flood locations, and issuing road closures. A flood-forecasting capability can help inform a proactive approach to managing flood impacts by supporting preparation for events, fast response times, and efficient use of resources. NCHRP Research Report 1131: Flood Forecasting for Transportation Resilience: A Guide, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, seeks to empower state DOTs with technical resources and organizational insights to better predict the timing and magnitude of flooding and enable advanced early warnings to help protect critical infrastructure and enhance roadway safety.
Communication to Bridge the Gap Between Food Production and Nutrition and Health: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Food and Nutrition BoardThe National Academies Food and Nutrition Board hosted a public workshop in May 2024 to explore the challenges and successes of bidirectional communication between producers of food and consumers about food sources, production, and composition. Speakers from a broad range of disciplines, including agriculture and nutrition researchers, journalists, social scientists, and more considered the health and nutrition needs of consumers across the food system. This proceedings summarizes the presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop.
Biological Effectors of Social Determinants of Health in Cancer: Identification and Mitigation: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Care Services National Cancer Policy ForumSocial determinants of health, including factors such as the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age; their education and income; and many other elements can influence their likelihood of developing cancer, the type of cancer, the cancer stage at diagnosis, the quality of care they receive, and their health outcomes. The National Cancer Policy Forum hosted a workshop in March 2024 to examine the complex interactions among biological variables and these factors and their impact on cancer-related health outcomes and health equity.
Law Enforcement Use of Predictive Policing Approaches: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Computer Science and Telecommunications Board Committee on Law and JusticeThe National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Committee on Law and Justice and Computer Science and Telecommunications board hosted a two-day workshop on June 24-25, 2024, to explore law enforcement use of person-based and place-based predictive policing strategies. These strategies utilize data to predict individuals or locations likely to be associated with crime, with the aim of preventing criminal activities. The workshop explored effectiveness, legal, ethical, and social considerations, and concluded with discussions on future approaches to predictive policing. This new proceedings summarizes the workshop's key themes, including pressing challenges and opportunities, and areas for further consideration and guidance.