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The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today
by Amy J. Binder Jeffrey L. KidderAn eye-opening analysis of collegiate activism and its effects on the divisions in contemporary American politics. The past six years have been marked by a contentious political atmosphere that has touched every arena of public life, including higher education. Though most college campuses are considered ideologically progressive, how can it be that the right has been so successful in mobilizing young people even in these environments? As Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder show in this surprising analysis of the relationship between political activism on college campuses and the broader US political landscape, while liberal students often outnumber conservatives on college campuses, liberal campus organizing remains removed from national institutions that effectively engage students after graduation. And though they are usually in the minority, conservative student groups have strong ties to national right-leaning organizations, which provide funds and expertise, as well as job opportunities and avenues for involvement after graduation. Though the left is more prominent on campus, the right has built a much more effective system for mobilizing ongoing engagement. What’s more, the conservative college ecosystem has worked to increase the number of political provocations on campus and lower the public’s trust in higher education. In analyzing collegiate activism from the left, right, and center, The Channels of Student Activism shows exactly how politically engaged college students are channeled into two distinct forms of mobilization and why that has profound consequences for the future of American politics.
The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today
by Amy J. Binder Jeffrey L. KidderAn eye-opening analysis of collegiate activism and its effects on the divisions in contemporary American politics. The past six years have been marked by a contentious political atmosphere that has touched every arena of public life, including higher education. Though most college campuses are considered ideologically progressive, how can it be that the right has been so successful in mobilizing young people even in these environments? As Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder show in this surprising analysis of the relationship between political activism on college campuses and the broader US political landscape, while liberal students often outnumber conservatives on college campuses, liberal campus organizing remains removed from national institutions that effectively engage students after graduation. And though they are usually in the minority, conservative student groups have strong ties to national right-leaning organizations, which provide funds and expertise, as well as job opportunities and avenues for involvement after graduation. Though the left is more prominent on campus, the right has built a much more effective system for mobilizing ongoing engagement. What’s more, the conservative college ecosystem has worked to increase the number of political provocations on campus and lower the public’s trust in higher education. In analyzing collegiate activism from the left, right, and center, The Channels of Student Activism shows exactly how politically engaged college students are channeled into two distinct forms of mobilization and why that has profound consequences for the future of American politics.
The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today
by Amy J. Binder Jeffrey L. KidderAn eye-opening analysis of collegiate activism and its effects on the divisions in contemporary American politics. The past six years have been marked by a contentious political atmosphere that has touched every arena of public life, including higher education. Though most college campuses are considered ideologically progressive, how can it be that the right has been so successful in mobilizing young people even in these environments? As Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder show in this surprising analysis of the relationship between political activism on college campuses and the broader US political landscape, while liberal students often outnumber conservatives on college campuses, liberal campus organizing remains removed from national institutions that effectively engage students after graduation. And though they are usually in the minority, conservative student groups have strong ties to national right-leaning organizations, which provide funds and expertise, as well as job opportunities and avenues for involvement after graduation. Though the left is more prominent on campus, the right has built a much more effective system for mobilizing ongoing engagement. What’s more, the conservative college ecosystem has worked to increase the number of political provocations on campus and lower the public’s trust in higher education. In analyzing collegiate activism from the left, right, and center, The Channels of Student Activism shows exactly how politically engaged college students are channeled into two distinct forms of mobilization and why that has profound consequences for the future of American politics.
Becoming Right: How Campuses Shape Young Conservatives (Princeton Studies in Cultural Sociology #54)
by Amy Binder Kate WoodHow divergent campus cultures affect conservative college studentsConservative pundits allege that the pervasive liberalism of America's colleges and universities has detrimental effects on undergraduates, most particularly right-leaning ones. Yet not enough attention has actually been paid to young conservatives to test these claims—until now. In Becoming Right, Amy Binder and Kate Wood carefully explore who conservative students are, and how their beliefs and political activism relate to their university experiences.Rich in interviews and insight, Becoming Right illustrates that the diverse conservative movement evolving among today’s college students holds important implications for the direction of American politics.
Elektrische Maschinen und Antriebe: Grundlagen, Betriebsverhalten
by Andreas BinderDas Buch führt in einem weiten Bogen von den physikalischen Grundlagen zum Verständnis des stationären und des dynamischen Betriebsverhaltens elektrischer Maschinen und Antriebe. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die aktuellen Motorentwicklungen gelegt. Dazu werden die Grundlagen elektrischer Maschinen anhand der drei Grundtypen Asynchronmaschine, Synchronmaschine und Gleichstrommaschine ausführlich besprochen, Bauweisen werden erläutert, und das stationäre Betriebsverhalten wird hergeleitet.Neben der anschaulichen Beschreibung anhand modern ausgeführter Maschinen wird die mathematisch fundierte Grundlage von Anfang an mitentwickelt. Bewusst wird die Drehstromtechnik in den Vordergrund gestellt, da sie die klassische Gleichstromtechnik immer weiter in Nischen verdrängt. Aktuelle Motorentwicklungen vor allem im Zusammenhang mit Umrichterspeisung werden ausführlich besprochen. Auch auf Sonderprobleme wie zusätzliche Verluste und Geräusche bei Umrichterspeisung wird ausführlich eingegangen.An die stationäre Theorie schließt sich im zweiten Teil die dynamische Theorie für alle drei Grundtypen von E-Maschinen an, so dass Anlaufvorgänge, plötzliche Kurzschlüsse oder Lastwechsel verstanden werden.Jedes Kapitel enthält durchgerechnete Praxisbeispiele, die oft mit Messergebnissen unterlegt sind. Die Beispiele reichen von Netz- und Umrichter gespeisten Motoren bis hin zu Großgeneratoren im Kraftwerksbereich.In der zweiten Auflage wurden einige Textpassagen überarbeitet und an manchen Stellen nötige Korrekturen durchgeführt, aber der Inhalt im Wesentlichen beibehalten.Eine Aufgabensammlung mit durchgerechneten Anwendungsbeispielen desselben Autors erscheint in einer erweiterten zweiten Auflage als gesonderter Band.Die Zielgruppen Ingenieurinnen, Ingenieure und Studierende der Fachrichtungen „Elektrotechnik“, „Mechatronik“, „Antriebstechnik“, „Energietechnik“ und „Maschinenbau“
A Workout in Computational Finance
by Andreas Binder Michael AichingerA comprehensive introduction to various numerical methods used in computational finance todayQuantitative skills are a prerequisite for anyone working in finance or beginning a career in the field, as well as risk managers. A thorough grounding in numerical methods is necessary, as is the ability to assess their quality, advantages, and limitations. This book offers a thorough introduction to each method, revealing the numerical traps that practitioners frequently fall into. Each method is referenced with practical, real-world examples in the areas of valuation, risk analysis, and calibration of specific financial instruments and models. It features a strong emphasis on robust schemes for the numerical treatment of problems within computational finance. Methods covered include PDE/PIDE using finite differences or finite elements, fast and stable solvers for sparse grid systems, stabilization and regularization techniques for inverse problems resulting from the calibration of financial models to market data, Monte Carlo and Quasi Monte Carlo techniques for simulating high dimensional systems, and local and global optimization tools to solve the minimization problem.
The Lied at the Crossroads of Performance and Musicology
by Benjamin Binder Jennifer RonyakThere seems to be an essential relationship between the performance and the scholarship of the German Lied. Yet the process by which scholarly inquiry and performative practices mutually benefit one another can appear mysterious and undefined, in part because any dialogue between the two invariably unfolds in relatively informal environments – such as the rehearsal studio, seminar room or conference workshop. Contributions from leading musicologists and prominent Lied performers here build on and deepen these interactions to reconsider topics including Werktreue aesthetics and concert practices; the authority of the composer versus the performer; the value of lesser-known, incomplete, or compositionally modified songs; and the traditions, habits and prejudices of song recitalists regarding issues like transposition, programming and dramatic modes of presentation. The book as a whole reveals the reciprocal relevance of Lied musicology and Lied performance, thereby opening doors to fresh and exciting modes of interpretative artistry and intellectual discovery.
Ethylene Signaling
by Brad M. Binder G. Eric SchallerThis volume provides a collection of protocols aimed toward the study of ethylene signaling in plants. Ethylene Signaling: Methods and Protocols is divided into three sections: ethylene biosynthesis, the signal transduction pathway, and the diverse ethylene responses of dicots and monocots. The chapters in section one discuss techniques for the measurement of activities related to the biosynthetic enzymes ACC synthase and ACC oxidase, the levels of ethylene synthesized by plants, and the treatment of plants with exogenous ethylene. Section two focuses on the analysis of the new membrane-associated proteins involved in the initial perception and transduction of the ethylene signal, such as ethylene receptors, CTR1, and EIN2. The third section covers assays applicable to dicots and monocots, including methods related to the roles of ethylene in germination, growth, abscission, abiotic stress, and defense. Section three also includes information on Arabidopsis mutants and the variety of chemical inhibitors that affect ethylene responses. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Thorough and comprehensive, Ethylene Signaling: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for both experienced and beginner researchers with prior experience in the study of ethylene signaling and for those who are just entering this exciting research field.
Shock Values: Prices and Inflation in American Democracy
by Carola BinderHow inflation and deflation fears shape American democracy. Many foundational moments in American economic history—the establishment of paper money, wartime price controls, the rise of the modern Federal Reserve—occurred during financial panics as prices either inflated or deflated sharply. The government’s decisions in these moments, intended to control price fluctuations, have produced both lasting effects and some of the most contentious debates in the nation’s history. A sweeping history of the United States’ economy and politics, Shock Values reveals how the American state has been shaped by a massive, ever-evolving effort to insulate its economy from the real and perceived dangers of price fluctuations. Carola Binder narrates how the pains of rising and falling prices have brought lasting changes for every generation of Americans. And with each brush with price instability, the United States has been reinvented—not as a more perfect union, but as a reflection of its most recent failures. Shock Values tells the untold story of prices and price stabilization in the United States. Expansive and enlightening, Binder recounts the interest-group politics, legal battles, and economic ideas that have shaped a nation from the dawn of the republic to the present.
Sustainability Assessment of Urban Systems
by Claudia R. Binder Romano Wyss Emanuele MassaroOur world is becoming more urban. More than fifty percent of the global population now lives in cities, which poses new challenges for sustainable development. This book integrates theory and methods of sustainability assessment with concepts from systems science to provide guidelines for assessing the sustainability of urban systems. It discusses different aspects of urban sustainability, from energy and housing, to mobility and health, covering social, economic and environmental factors, as well as the various stakeholders and actors involved. The book argues for the need to find models and solutions in order to design sustainable cities of the future in light of the complexity of urban social life. Including diverse case studies from the developed and developing world, this book provides a useful reference for researchers and students from a broad range of disciplines working in the field of sustainability, as well as for environmental consultants and policy makers.
Agency, Freedom and Choice (Theory and Decision Library A: #53)
by Constanze BinderIn this book, Binder shows that at the heart of the most prominent arguments in favour of value-neutral approaches to overall freedom lies the value freedom has for human agency and development. Far from leading to the adoption of a value-neutral approach, however, ascribing importance to freedom’s agency value requires one to adopt a refined value-based approach. Binder employs an axiomatic framework in order to develop such an approach. She shows that a focus on freedom’s agency value has far reaching consequences for existing results in the freedom ranking literature: it requires one to move beyond a person’s given all-things-considered preferences to the values underlying a person’s preference formation. Furthermore, it requires, as Binder argues, one to account (only) for those differences between choice options which really matter to people. Binder illustrates the implications of her analysis for the evaluation of public policy and human development with the capability approach: only if sufficient importance is ascribed to freedom’s agency value can the capability approach keep its promises.
Individual and Collective Choice and Social Welfare
by Constanze Binder Giulio Codognato Miriam Teschl Yongsheng XuThe papers in this volume explore various issues relating to theories of individual and collective choice, and theories of social welfare. The topics include individual and collective rationality, motivation and intention in economics, coercion, public goods, climate change, and voting theory. The book offers an excellent overview over latest research in these fields.
Shipwreck in the Sky
by Eando BinderThe flight into space that made Pilot-Capt. Dan Barstow famous.
Behavioral Neurogenomics (Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences #42)
by Elisabeth B. Binder Torsten KlengelThis book provides a unique overview on the most recent developments in initially diverse areas of behavioral genomic research that now start to intertwine to provide more detailed insights into the complex nature of behavior in health and disease. It focuses on our current understanding of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of brain function and how they contribute to the complex formation of behavioral traits and psychiatric disorders. Readers experience diverse perspectives of the contributing authors starting from the genetic viewpoint and the effort to establish functional connection between genetic variants and behavioral phenotypes. Particular attention is given to the broad spectrum of epigenetic mechanisms and behavior.The chapter 'Role of MicoRNAs in Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders' is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com
Epigenetics and Neuroendocrinology
by Elisabeth Binder Dietmar SpenglerThe field of neuroendocrinology has extended from the initial interest in the hypothalamic control of pituitary secretion to embrace multiple reciprocal interactions between the central nervous system (CNS) and endocrine systems in the coordination of homeostasis and various physiological responses from adaptation to disease. Most recently, epigenetic mechanisms were recognized for their role in the development of the neuroendocrine axes as well as in the mediation of gene-environment interactions in stress-related psychiatry disorders.
Thermodynamics in the Quantum Regime: Fundamental Aspects and New Directions (Fundamental Theories of Physics #195)
by Felix Binder Luis A. Correa Christian Gogolin Janet Anders Gerardo AdessoQuantum Thermodynamics is a novel research field which explores the emergence of thermodynamics from quantum theory and addresses thermodynamic phenomena which appear in finite-size, non-equilibrium and finite-time contexts. Blending together elements from open quantum systems, statistical mechanics, quantum many-body physics, and quantum information theory, it pinpoints thermodynamic advantages and barriers emerging from genuinely quantum properties such as quantum coherence and correlations. Owing to recent experimental efforts, the field is moving quickly towards practical applications, such as nano-scale heat devices, or thermodynamically optimised protocols for emergent quantum technologies. Starting from the basics, the present volume reviews some of the most recent developments, as well as some of the most important open problems in quantum thermodynamics. The self-contained chapters provide concise and topical introductions to researchers who are new to the field. Experts will find them useful as a reference for the current state-of-the-art. In six sections the book covers topics such as quantum heat engines and refrigerators, fluctuation theorems, the emergence of thermodynamic equilibrium, thermodynamics of strongly coupled systems, as well as various information theoretic approaches including Landauer's principle and thermal operations. It concludes with a section dedicated to recent quantum thermodynamics experiments and experimental prospects on a variety of platforms ranging from cold atoms to photonic systems, and NV centres.
Their Cemetery Sown with Corn: An Englishman's Stand Against the Nazi Storm
by Frank BinderJohn Arnold is a young Englishman studying at Bonn University in the early 1930s. Living with a German family in a nearby village his witnesses the pervasive rise of Nazi power in the tight knit community. His position as a guest is complicated by his love of Germany and his burgeoning relationship with both a wealthy and influential Jewess and the maid in the house where he is lodging. Arnold finds it increasingly hard to stand silent witness to the changing political order, which relies on coercion and brutality rather than popular support.This compelling story of love, loyalty and courage in the face of extortion, treachery and murderous cruelty is semi-autobiographical. Having studied in Germany over this period, Binder inevitably draws on his own experiences and observations but invents and develops a rich cast of characters who are forced to come to terms with Hitlers oppression.Anyone who has wondered how a country as cultured and civilized as Germany could have yielded to a barbarous dictatorship must read this book.Frank Binder was a lecturer at Bonn University during the 1930s. He may have been a British spy; certainly, he was well qualified for the task. Eventually he was forced to flee the Nazi regime for refusing to Heil Hitler, leaving behind his priceless collection of books and all his possessions. Paradoxically the British authorities imprisoned him during the Second World War as he declared himself a conscious objector.Sown With Corn was discovered only recently and has been greeted with critical acclaim. Binders reputation would have undoubtedly been further enhanced during his lifetime had this stunning work not have lain undiscovered for some seventy years. Frank Binder died in 1959.
Felony Murder
by Guyora BinderThe felony murder doctrine is one of the most widely criticized features of American criminal law. Legal scholars almost unanimously condemn it as irrational, concluding that it imposes punishment without fault and presumes guilt without proof. Despite this, the law persists in almost every U. S. jurisdiction. Felony Murderis the first book on this controversial legal doctrine. It shows that felony murder liability rests on a simple and powerful idea: that the guilt incurred in attacking or endangering others depends on one's reasons for doing so. Inflicting harm is wrong, and doing so for a bad motive-such as robbery, rape, or arson-aggravates that wrong. In presenting this idea, Guyora Binder criticizes prevailing academic theories of criminal intent for trying to purge criminal law of moral judgment. Ultimately, Binder shows that felony murder law has been and should remain limited by its justifying aims.
Literary Criticisms of Law
by Guyora Binder Robert WeisbergIn this book, the first to offer a comprehensive examination of the emerging study of law as literature, Guyora Binder and Robert Weisberg show that law is not only a scheme of social order, but also a process of creating meaning, and a crucial dimension of modern culture. They present lawyers as literary innovators, who creatively interpret legal authority, narrate disputed facts and hypothetical fictions, represent persons before the law, move audiences with artful rhetoric, and invent new legal forms and concepts. Binder and Weisberg explain the literary theories and methods increasingly applied to law, and they introduce and synthesize the work of over a hundred authors in the fields of law, literature, philosophy, and cultural studies. Drawing on these disparate bodies of scholarship, Binder and Weisberg analyze law as interpretation, narration, rhetoric, language, and culture, placing each of these approaches within the history of literary and legal thought. They sort the styles of analysis most likely to sharpen critical understanding from those that risk self-indulgent sentimentalism or sterile skepticism, and they endorse a broadly synthetic cultural criticism that views law as an arena for composing and contesting identity, status, and character. Such a cultural criticism would evaluate law not simply as a device for realizing rights and interests but also as the framework for a vibrant cultural life.
Function Spaces, Theory and Applications (Fields Institute Communications #87)
by Ilia Binder Damir Kinzebulatov Javad MashreghiThe focus program on Analytic Function Spaces and their Applications took place at Fields Institute from July 1st to December 31st, 2021. Hilbert spaces of analytic functions form one of the pillars of complex analysis. These spaces have a rich structure and for more than a century have been studied by many prominent mathematicians. They also have several essential applications in other fields of mathematics and engineering, e.g., robust control engineering, signal and image processing, and theory of communication. The most important Hilbert space of analytic functions is the Hardy class H2. However, its close cousins, e.g. the Bergman space A2, the Dirichlet space D, the model subspaces Kt, and the de Branges-Rovnyak spaces H(b), have also been the center of attention in the past two decades. Studying the Hilbert spaces of analytic functions and the operators acting on them, as well as their applications in other parts of mathematics or engineering were the main subjects of this program. During the program, the world leading experts on function spaces gathered and discussed the new achievements and future venues of research on analytic function spaces, their operators, and their applications in other domains. With more than 250 hours of lectures by prominent mathematicians, a wide variety of topics were covered. More explicitly, there were mini-courses and workshops on Hardy Spaces, Dirichlet Spaces, Bergman Spaces, Model Spaces, Interpolation and Sampling, Riesz Bases, Frames and Signal Processing, Bounded Mean Oscillation, de Branges-Rovnyak Spaces, Operators on Function Spaces, Truncated Toeplitz Operators, Blaschke Products and Inner Functions, Discrete and Continuous Semigroups of Composition Operators, The Corona Problem, Non-commutative Function Theory, Drury-Arveson Space, and Convergence of Scattering Data and Non-linear Fourier Transform. At the end of each week, there was a high profile colloquium talk on the current topic. The program also contained two semester-long advanced courses on Schramm Loewner Evolution and Lattice Models and Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space of Analytic Functions. The current volume features a more detailed version of some of the talks presented during the program.
Pediatric Interviewing
by James BinderThe evidence is extensive. Good communication has clear benefits for the clinician. Clinicians who interview well have a number of advantages, including the capability of gathering a full data base and of interviewing efficiently. Easy-to-read, compelling, and comprehensive in coverage, Pediatric Interviewing: A Practical, Relationship-Based Approach outlines effective strategies for interviewing parents and children efficiently. Topics covered include engaging patients and families, efficiently and smoothly obtaining a history of present illness and making a good differential diagnosis, uncovering hidden agendas, collaborative discussion in diagnosis and treatment, practicing family oriented care, taking a full social history, and all other aspects of carrying out the pediatric interview. Offering clear, practical tips and a wide range of targeted case examples, this invaluable title emphasizes the importance of combining the biological and psychological aspects of patient care seamlessly. Most important, Pediatric Interviewing: A Practical, Relationship-Based Approach is based on relationship theory, the underlying foundation of successful clinical interviewing and a major determinant of optimal diagnosis, treatment, and health outcomes. Pediatric Interviewing: A Practical, Relationship-Based Approach is an indispensable guide for all clinicians engaged in the care of children and adolescents.
Primary Care Interviewing
by James BinderPrimary care is complex, unpredictable, and requires a biopsychosocial orientation. An indispensable teaching resource, Primary Care Interviewing: Learning Through Role Play thoroughly details how to use role play to teach the basics and more complex aspects of medical interviewing skills to trainee clinicians. Role playing is ideally suited to teach clinicians how to interview and relate to patients, and this unique and concise title includes not only sample role plays and dialog but also a wealth of accompanying online video role plays to enhance the learning process. Part one presents how to teach basic interviewing skills needed for effective communication, such as joining, promoting self- awareness, open-ended communication, dealing with emotions, structuring skills, and asking questions to uncover concerns and related beliefs, or theories of illness. Part two addresses the teaching of specific, more complex interviewing skills, such as addressing a patient's mental health issues, sexual health, somatic conditions, and giving bad news.
Global Project Management: Communication, Collaboration and Management Across Borders
by Jean BinderGlobal Project Management describes how to adapt your organisation and your projects to thrive in business environments which require distributed skills, around-the-clock operations and virtual team environments. The book goes beyond simple recommendations on collaborative tools, to suggest the development of best practices on cross-cultural team management and global communication, recommend organisational changes and project structures, and propose alternatives for the implementation of the new practices and methods. Filled with real-life examples and techniques, the book illustrates how to apply the recommendations as part of the successful management of any global project.
Core Competencies in Brief Dynamic Psychotherapy: Becoming a Highly Effective and Competent Brief Dynamic Psychotherapist (Core Competencies in Psychotherapy Series)
by Jeffrey L. Binder Ephi J. BetanThis book addresses the essential clinical competencies required to conduct brief dynamic therapy. Authors Jeffrey L. Binder and Ephi J. Betan discuss the conceptual foundation of their treatment model, and the application of this framework in forming and maintaining a therapeutic alliance, assessment, case formulation, implementing a treatment plan, termination, and treatment evaluation. All topics include a multicultural perspective and sensitivity to ethical issues. Binder and Betan attempt to bridge practice and research by consistently incorporating relevant research findings. Graduate students in the mental health fields and beginning therapists will find in this text the basic concepts and principles of brief dynamic psychotherapy presented in a clear and straightforward style, with many clinical examples drawn from detailed patient and therapist interchanges. Seasoned psychotherapists will find in Binder and Betan’s discussions of case formulation and therapeutic discourse a fresh treatment of classic ideas about the therapeutic value of constructing personal narratives. At all times, the authors explicitly tie the components of their approach to the competencies required of the brief dynamic therapist. In the current environment of accountability for results, attention is given to the ongoing assessment of therapeutic progress and ultimate outcomes. This text is a scholarly yet practical guide to the evidence-based practice of brief dynamic psychotherapy.
Language and the Rise of the Algorithm
by Jeffrey M. BinderA wide-ranging history of the algorithm. Bringing together the histories of mathematics, computer science, and linguistic thought, Language and the Rise of the Algorithm reveals how recent developments in artificial intelligence are reopening an issue that troubled mathematicians well before the computer age: How do you draw the line between computational rules and the complexities of making systems comprehensible to people? By attending to this question, we come to see that the modern idea of the algorithm is implicated in a long history of attempts to maintain a disciplinary boundary separating technical knowledge from the languages people speak day to day. Here Jeffrey M. Binder offers a compelling tour of four visions of universal computation that addressed this issue in very different ways: G. W. Leibniz’s calculus ratiocinator; a universal algebra scheme Nicolas de Condorcet designed during the French Revolution; George Boole’s nineteenth-century logic system; and the early programming language ALGOL, short for algorithmic language. These episodes show that symbolic computation has repeatedly become entangled in debates about the nature of communication. Machine learning, in its increasing dependence on words, erodes the line between technical and everyday language, revealing the urgent stakes underlying this boundary. The idea of the algorithm is a levee holding back the social complexity of language, and it is about to break. This book is about the flood that inspired its construction.