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Exploring the Adoption of Implantable Brain Stimulation into Standard of Care for Central Nervous System Disorders: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Sciences Policy Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System DisordersImplantable brain stimulation has had a profound impact on neuroscience research and the treatment of central nervous system disorders by allowing physicians to directly intervene in the pathological neural circuits of their patients. To explore the logistical, educational, and economic barriers to adopting this technology into regular use in clinical care, the National Academies Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders hosted a public workshop in October 2023.
Community Support, Partnerships, and Inclusive Environments for Black Students and Professionals in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Policy and Global Affairs Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and MedicineIndividuals, institutions, and communities all have a role in strengthening representation of Black men and Black women in science, engineering, and medicine (SEM). The SEM workplace has historically not been an equitable space for students, faculty, staff, and professionals, but promising practices nationwide are changing that narrative. On September 19-20, 2022, the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop to examine local, regional, and national opportunities to engage with and leverage community support and mutually beneficial partnerships that build inclusive environments for Black undergraduate, graduate, and medical students and increase the representation of Black professionals in SEM. Workshop participants helped identify practices, policies, and partnerships with demonstrated success; laid a foundation for collaborative dialogue that involves student involvement in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of SEM programs; and identified the resources and actions necessary to further positive change for Black SEM students and professionals.
Carbon Utilization Infrastructure, Markets, and Research and Development: A Final Report
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Earth and Life Studies Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology Board on Energy and Environmental Systems Committee on Carbon Utilization Infrastructure, Markets, Research and DevelopmentNational and international plans for halting and reversing climate change focus on reducing and eventually ending the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions: carbon dioxide (CO2) released by fossil fuel combustion. However, as the nation moves towards replacing many fossil CO2-emitting processes with zero- or low-carbon-emission alternatives, special attention is needed to eliminate net carbon emissions from the systems that cannot be fully “decarbonized”, such as the production of aviation fuel, chemicals, plastics, and construction materials. For these systems, carbon will need to be managed and utilized effectively, in a way that either prevents CO2 from entering the atmosphere or reuses it through circular processes that do not contribute additional emissions. Carbon Utilization Infrastructure, Markets, and Research and Development: A Final Report is the second report of a two-part study. The study’s first report assessed the state of infrastructure for CO2 transportation, use, and storage, highlighting priority opportunities for further investment. This second report identifies potential markets and commercialization opportunities for CO2- and coal waste-derived products, examines economic, environmental, and climate impacts of CO2 utilization infrastructure, and puts forward a comprehensive research agenda for carbon utilization technologies.
Building Capacity for the U.S. Mineral Resources Workforce: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Earth and Life Studies Board on Earth Sciences and ResourcesThe extraction of mineral resources provides the raw materials necessary to produce the products and technologies on which the global economy depends, including green technologies essential for decarbonization. Mineral extraction requires expertise in a range of areas - including mineral resources identification, environmental evaluation, processing, and reclamation - but many of the U.S. academic programs that have historically educated the U.S. minerals workforce face significant challenges attracting students and maintaining financial viability. For some programs, enrollment dropped 60 percent from 2015 to 2023, despite a growing demand for a minerals workforce. The National Academies convened a workshop on January 23-24, 2024 to consider how the United States can build the capacity of federal and state agencies, academia, and the private sector to meet U.S. mineral workforce needs. Participants addressed the urgent need to attract more students, discussed a need to integrate new disciplines into curricula as the industry evolves, and identified multipronged approaches to help enhance overall retention and recruitment. This proceedings synthesizes the key suggestions presented by participants that universities, companies, and government agencies could take to enhance the recruitment, training, and retention of workers in the mineral resources industry.
Myopia: Causes, Prevention, And Treatment Of An Increasingly Common Disease
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences Committee on Focus on Myopia: Pathogenesis and Rising IncidenceMyopia, commonly called nearsightedness, has been increasing globally. If current trends continue, there will be 5 billion near-sighted individuals globally by 2050. The understanding of myopia has been enhanced by advances in genetics, investigations employing animal models, understanding of physiology, ocular imaging, epidemiology, environmental research, and clinical trials of interventional strategies. To further develop the knowledge base related to myopia and to reduce the incidence and negative consequences of the disease, eye care professionals, federal agencies, and funding agencies need to make improvements to standardize care, increase funding to study treatments, encourage outdoor time, and overall facilitate the standardization of assessments and diagnostics. Progress in these areas is imperative to address the current increase in myopia across the country. Myopia: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment of an Increasingly Common Disease identifies and assesses the current mechanistic understanding of myopia pathogenesis and the causes of its increased prevalence. This report also examines knowledge gaps and barriers to progress and develops a research agenda aimed at better understanding the biological and environmental factors that could explain the increasing incidence of myopia.
Effective Communication with the General Public About Scientific Research That Requires the Care and Use of Animals: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Earth and Life Studies Board on Animal Health Sciences, Conservation, and Research Roundtable on Science and Welfare of Animals Involved in ResearchInvolvement of animals in scientific research can elicit strong emotions and responses from some members of the public, in part because the information they receive is inadequate. There is therefore an urgent need for scientists who conduct research involving animals to communicate more effectively about their work. To identify strategies for effective communication, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in December 19-20, 2023, entitled Effective Communication with the General Public About Scientific Research That Requires the Care and Use of Animals. The workshop focused on enhancing public understanding of scientific research with animals, how research animals are cared for and treated, the ethical considerations that are involved in these activities, and how research with animals has contributed to improvements in animal and human health. Participants explored characteristics of effective communication, ways to integrate information from scientists into media for diverse public audiences, and opportunities to address challenges in understanding research with animals.
Development of a New Highway Drainage Manual
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board National Cooperative Highway Research Program Scott Brown Dan Ghere Casey Kramer James D. SchallThe AASHTO Drainage Manual (ADM) (2014) provides a template and guidelines that facilitate state transportation agencies in the development of a highway drainage design manual. NCHRP Web-Only Document 423: Development of a New Highway Drainage Manual, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, is a new, up?to?date highway drainage manual informed by the 2014 ADM and provides state and local transportation agencies with design guidelines, along with the technical background to support them.
Living with ALS
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Sciences Policy Board on Health Care Services Committee on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Accelerating Treatments and Improving Quality of LifeAt any one time, at least 30,000 people in the U.S. are living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a rapidly progressive, fatal neurological disease affecting individuals, caregivers, at-risk genetic carriers, and others. In 2022, Congress directed the National Institutes of Health to commission a National Academies committee of experts to recommend key actions public, private, and nonprofit sectors should take to make ALS a livable disease within the next 10 years. The resulting report, Living with ALS, focuses on an integrated ALS multidisciplinary care and research system to help facilitate earlier diagnosis and connections to specialty care.
Health Systems Science Education: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Global Health Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional EducationThe National Academies Global Forum on Innovations in Health Professional Education held a public workshop in November 2023. Speakers explored how health professional educators and providers with health systems science (HSS) training can prepare learners to work together within health systems, resulting in better patient care, improved population health, and enhanced health professional well-being. Organizers hosted a public pre-workshop in October 2023 to create a foundational understanding of HSS prior to their workshop.
Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Midterm Assessment of Progress Toward Implementation of the Decadal Survey
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Space Studies Board Commitee on the Review of Progress Toward Implementing the Decadal Survey—Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from SpaceIn 2018, the National Academies released Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space. The decadal survey identified key science questions and prioritized observational needs to advance U.S. efforts in Earth science and support critical applications such as climate modeling and weather prediction. In the past few years, the need for actionable data and better scientific information on Earth's interacting systems has increased in urgency, as global climate change accelerates coupled with increasing numbers of extreme weather events. At the request of NASA, this mid-term assessment evaluates progress and recommends actions to meet decadal survey priorities. This report explores ways that NASA's Earth Science Division can maintain programmatic balance, improve alignment with decadal survey priorities, and prepare for the next decadal survey.
Incorporating Integrated Diagnostics into Precision Oncology Care: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Computer Science and Telecommunications Board Board on Human-Systems Integration Board on Health Care Services National Cancer Policy ForumThe convergence of imaging, pathology, and laboratory testing data, augmented with information technology, is referred to as integrated diagnostics. To examine the current state of the science and strategies to facilitate precision cancer care through integrated diagnostics, the National Academies National Cancer Policy Forum hosted a public workshop in collaboration with the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board and the Board on Human-Systems Integration.
Risk Analysis Methods for Nuclear War and Nuclear Terrorism (Expanded Abbreviated Report of the CUI Version): Phase Ii (expanded Abbreviated Report Of The Cui Version)
by Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Policy and Global Affairs Division on Earth and Life Studies Committee on International Security and Arms Control Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics Committee on Risk Analysis Methods for Nuclear War and Nuclear TerrorismThe United States and the world face serious threats to nuclear stability and peace, now and in the coming decades. Within the nuclear arena, U.S. policy makers will need to make strategic decisions related to nuclear risks to assist with long-term planning as well as responding in real time to unanticipated events. The occurrence of unanticipated nuclear events is expected to increase as more countries develop, expand, or field nuclear energy capability; more countries consider development of nuclear weapon capability and new nuclear weapon states emerge; and nuclear weapon states expand their nuclear arsenals. At the request of the Department of Defense, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine established and managed the Committee on Risk Analysis Methods for Nuclear War and Nuclear Terrorism to explore U.S. government methods for assessing nuclear war and nuclear terrorism risks and how those assessments are used to develop strategy and policy. This publication is the unclassified Phase 2 version of the final classified report. Risk Analysis Methods for Nuclear War and Nuclear Terrorism: Phase II builds on an earlier Phase I unclassified report. This book expands upon the use of analytical methods to assess the risks of nuclear terrorism and nuclear war and the role such approaches may play in U.S. security strategy.
Evidence Review of the Adverse Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination and Intramuscular Vaccine Administration
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice Committee to Review Relevant Literature Regarding Adverse Events Associated with VaccinesVaccines are a public health success story, as they have prevented or lessened the effects of many infectious diseases. To address concerns around potential vaccine injuries, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) administers the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) and the Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program (CICP), which provide compensation to those who assert that they were injured by routine vaccines or medical countermeasures, respectively. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine have contributed to the scientific basis for VICP compensation decisions for decades. HRSA asked the National Academies to convene an expert committee to review the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence about the relationship between COVID-19 vaccines and specific adverse events, as well as intramuscular administration of vaccines and shoulder injuries. This report outlines the committee findings and conclusions.
Preparing the Future Workforce in Drug Research and Development: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Policy and Global Affairs Health and Medicine Division U.S. Science and Innovation Policy Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice Board on Health Sciences Policy Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and TranslationDespite advances over the past several decades, the clinical trials enterprise has struggled to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse U.S. population. To help address this issue, a 2023 National Academies workshop sought to identify the expertise and disciplines needed to achieve the aspirations for a transformed clinical trials enterprise by 2030 and enable a workforce that can better support the evolving needs of drug R&D - one that is resilient, culturally aware, anti-racist, and interdisciplinary. The workshop, hosted by the Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation and Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine explored strategies to bolster workforce capacity and challenges and opportunities associated with supporting the next-generation drug R&D workforce.
Long-Term Health Effects of COVID-19: Disability And Function Following Sars-cov-2 Infection
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Care Services Committee on the Long-Term Health Effects Stemming from COVID-19 and Implications for the Social Security AdministrationSince the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in early 2020, many individuals infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have continued to experience lingering symptoms for months or even years following infection. Some symptoms can affect a person’s ability to work or attend school for an extended period of time. Consequently, in 2022, the Social Security Administration requested that the National Academies convene a committee of relevant experts to investigate and provide an overview of the current status of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of long-term health effects related to Long COVID. This report presents the committee conclusions.
Advancing Research on Chronic Conditions in Women
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board of Population Health and Public Health Practice Committee on a Framework for the Consideration of Chronic Debilitating Conditions in WomenWomen in the United States experience a higher prevalence of many chronic conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and osteoporosis, than men; they also experience female-specific conditions, such as endometriosis and pelvic floor disorders. A lack of research into both the biological and social factors that influence these conditions greatly hinders diagnosis, treatment, and prevention efforts, thus contributing to poorer health outcomes for women and substantial costs to individuals and for society. The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Research on Women’s Health asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene an expert committee to identify gaps in the science on chronic conditions that are specific to or predominantly impact women, or affect women differently, and propose a research agenda. The committee’s report presents their conclusions and recommendations.
Optimizing Public–Private Partnerships for Clinical Cancer Research: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Sciences Policy Board on Health Care Services National Cancer Policy Forum Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and TranslationPublic–private partnerships (PPPs) are collaborations among public and private entities (e.g., government agencies, research institutions, nonprofit organizations, and industry organizations) that bring together diverse expertise, resources, and perspectives to solve complex challenges. The National Academies National Cancer Policy Forum, in collaboration with the Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation, hosted a public workshop in October 2023 to examine opportunities to improve the care and outcomes for patients with cancer through PPPs for clinical cancer research.
Expanding Behavioral Health Care Workforce Participation in Medicare, Medicaid, and Marketplace Plans
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Care Services Committee on Strategies to Improve Access to Behavioral Health Care Services through Medicare and MedicaidAbout 20 percent of all Americans live with a behavioral health condition, but only half of this population receives treatment — with direct consequences that include poor physical health outcomes, increased health care costs, and reduced quality of life and life span. Barriers to obtaining behavioral health treatment are most evident in populations receiving Medicare, Medicaid, and Marketplace plans. Behavioral health care providers serving individuals enrolled in these plans are more likely to experience challenges around reimbursement and training, which disincentivizes participation. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration asked the National Academies to convene an expert committee to examine current challenges in ensuring broad access to evidence-based behavioral health care services through Medicare, Medicaid, and Marketplace programs and propose strategies to address those challenges.
Serious Illness Care Research: Exploring Current Knowledge, Emerging Evidence, And Future Directions: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Care Services Roundtable on Quality Care for People with Serious IllnessTo explore the current and future state of serious illness care research, the National Academies Roundtable on Quality Care for People with Serious Illness hosted a public workshop in November 2023. Speakers identified research gaps and challenges and explored strategies and opportunities to further develop the evidence base to improve care for all those living with serious illness, their families, and care partners.
Whole-Person Oral Health Education: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Global Health Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional EducationIn February 2024, the National Academies Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education co-hosted a public workshop with Penn Dental Medicine to explore value proposition for oral health promotion and disease prevention. Experts from around the globe representing multiple sectors, discussed the value of holistic oral health, particularly for those with disabilities, and the importance of interprofessional education and collaborative practices aimed at whole-person oral health care.
Reusable Health Care Textiles for Use in Personal Protective Equipment: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Sciences PolicyPersonal protective equipment (PPE) is a critical part of infection prevention and health care worker (HCW) protection. The COVID-19 pandemic revealed gaps in the ability of health care systems to ensure HCWs have adequate access to PPE during times of surge in demand, placing both HCWs and patients at risk. In March 2024, the National Academies convened a public workshop to identify opportunities to increase the use of reusable health care textiles (HCTs) used for PPE in health care settings. Speakers emphasized reusable textiles’ potential to protect health care staff and their patients, reduce waste and environmental effects from disposable HCTs, prepare for future pandemics, and provide cost savings.
Aging, Functioning, and Rehabilitation: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Care Services Board on Global HealthWith recent medical, technological, and socioeconomic developments, people are living longer. The rising average age of the world's population presents an opportunity to develop health policy that prioritizes functioning as a goal of healthy aging. In February 2024, the National Academies convened a hybrid workshop at the University of Lucerne in Switzerland to host a discussion focused on the World Health Organization's concept of functioning. Speakers paid particular focus to healthy aging and the future of rehabilitation as a health strategy. Experts emphasized that the need for rehabilitation is increasing due to rapid population aging accompanied by a rise in physical and mental health conditions, limitations, and injuries. The associated economic and practical obstacles of optimizing functioning across the life course were also discussed.
Exploring the Bidirectional Relationship Between Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Sciences Policy Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System DisordersSince artificial intelligence’s (AI) inception, AI and neuroscience have influenced each other to advance models of neural circuitry, analyze large and complex datasets, and inform the development of AI algorithms. This bidirectional relationship also has implications for health care as researchers and clinicians begin to explore the role of AI in clinical diagnosis, disease monitoring, and predicting treatment outcomes of central nervous system disorders. The National Academies Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders hosted a public workshop in March 2024 to explore safe, responsible, and equitable use of AI in neuroscience and identify collaborative strategies for increasing AI literacy, building public trust, and creating accessible user interfaces.
Challenges in Supply, Market Competition, and Regulation of Infant Formula in the United States
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Food and Nutrition Board Committee on Challenges in Supply, Market Competition, and Regulation of Infant Formula in the United StatesInfant formula is a primary or supplementary source of nutrition for many infants in the U.S. Consequently, disruptions to the supply of infant formula can have a severe impact on infants’ health and well-being. In late 2021 and early 2022, a recall of specific infant formula products, followed by a pause in production, resulted in a widespread, national shortage. The incident demonstrated that additional risk management planning is needed to protect infants from the consequences of potential future supply chain disruptions. In 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration contracted with the National Academies to convene an expert committee to examine and report on challenges in supply, market competition, and regulation of infant formula. The resulting consensus study report explains policy and marketplace vulnerabilities that were exposed during the shortage, describes the extent to which actions taken by relevant stakeholders addressed these vulnerabilities, identifies remaining gaps in the system, and recommends actions to reduce the risk and lessen the effect of any future disruption to the infant formula supply chain.
Cannabis Policy Impacts Public Health and Health Equity
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice Committee on the Public Health Consequences of Changes in the Cannabis Policy LandscapeOver the past several decades, more than half of all U.S. states have legalized cannabis for adult and/or medical use, but it remains illegal at the federal level. The public health consequences of cannabis policy changes have not been comprehensively evaluated. Therefore, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health tasked the National Academies with reviewing cannabis and cannabinoid availability in the U.S., assessing regulatory frameworks for the industry with an emphasis on equity, and describing strengths and weaknesses of surveillance systems for cannabis. The resulting report finds that there has been limited federal guidance to states regarding protecting public health, which has led to inconsistent protection across the states. The report recommends a strategy to minimize public health harms through stronger federal leadership, a robust research agenda, and more.